20.
- anthracite:- it is the highest quality hard coal. it s found in the parts of J&K.
- bituminous:- this coal has been buried deep&subjected to increased temperatures. it is the most popular coal in commercial use.
- lignite:- it is the low grade brown coal which has high moisture content and is soft in nature. it is found in neyvelli, tamilnadu.
- peat:- decaying planyts in swamps produce peat, which has low carbon content and high moisture content.
- formation of coal :
- Coal is the remains of trees,ferns and other plants that lived millions of years ago.These were crushed into the earth perhaps by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.They were pressed down by layers of earth and rock.They slowly decayed into coal.This is how coal is formed.
- 21.
Basic features of chemical industries are:
- It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
- It comprises both inorganic and organic sectors.
- Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda. These industries are widely spread over the country
- Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
22
The difference between the movement of Nepal and Bolivia are as follows:-
a)The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy, while the struggle in Bolivia involved claims on an elected, democratic government.
b) The popular struggle in Bolivia was about one specific policy, while the struggle in Nepal was about the foundations of the country 's politics. Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels.
c) The popular struggle in Nepal was against Constitutional Monarchy and to establish a Democratic Government. The popular struggle in Bolivia was against a Government policy, i.e. privatization of water supply.
23.
1. it ensures dignity of ppl
2. it give ppl the right to choose
3. it ensures equality before law
4. ppl can participate in decision making
5. take decisions for welfare of ppl
6. minority are respected and protected from majorities
24.
+ It will be a fair expectation that democracy should produce a harmonious social life.
+ Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.
+ No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best studied to produce its outcome.
+ Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democracy to lead a peaceful and harmonious life.
25.
The foundational challenges of democracy consists of
- Making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.
- This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime,
- Keeping military away from controlling government and
- Establishing a sovereign and functional state.
