Like the British in India, the Dutch in Java were driven to manage forests because they wanted to exploit colonial forest wood for ship-building and railways.
(i) Forest laws were enacted in Java restricting villagers access to forests.
(ii) Wood could only be cut for specified purposes like making river boats, or constructing houses from specific forests under close supervision.
(iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle in young stands, transporting wood without permit or travelling on forest roads with horse, carts and cattle.
