explain inductive effect,resonance and hypercongugative explain and alsoo it aplication.

Inductive effect is an electronic effect due to the polarisation of σ bonds within a molecule or ion. This is typically due to an electronegativity difference between the atoms at either end of the bond. There are two types of inductive effect: +I and –I effect. Atoms or groups which pull electron density towards themselves are considered as exhibiting negative Inductive effect (–I) and groups which push electron density away from themselves exhibit positive Inductive effect (+I). 

.Example:

The more electronegative chlorine atom withdraws electrons from less electronegative carbon atom.The inductive effect is transmitted along the cahin.

Negative inductive effect (-I) is shown by groups which withdraw electrons.The order of (-I) effect of the groups is as follows:

Positive inductive effect (+I) is shown by groups which donate electrons.The order of (+I) effect of the groups is as follows:

1. Application of Inductive effect:

2. Stability of carbonium ions: The stability of carbonium ions increases with increase in number of alkyl groups due to their +I effect. The alkyl groups release electrons to carbon, bearing positive charge and thus stabilizes the ion. The order of stability of carbonium ions is : 
4. Stability of carbanions: However the stability of carbanions decreases with increase in the number of alkyl groups since the electron donating alkyl groups destabilize the carbanions by increasing the electron density. Thus the order of stability of carbanions is: 

1. Acidic strength of carboxylic acids and phenols: The electron withdrawing groups (-I) decrease the negative charge on the carboxylate ion and thus stabilizing it. Hence the acidic strength increases when -I groups are present.
2. Reactivity of carbonyl compounds: The +I groups increase the electron density at carbonyl carbon. Hence their reactivity towards nucleophiles decreases. Thus formaldehyde is more reactive than acetaldehyde and acetone towards nucleophilic addition reactions.

Application: It gives extra stability to compound by delocalization of charges. Some time it activates or deactivates the benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution.

Hyperconjugation: It involves delocalisation of sigma electrons of C-H bond of an alkyl group directly attached to an atom of unsaturated system or an atom with an unshared p orbital.

The hyperconjugating structures of propene are represented as: Total number of hyperconjugating structures in propene = 3

 Hyper conjugation gives extra stability to compound.