help!! i hv to make a project on banking----> business studies!! plz..give me some ideas

nd also temme total kitni sheets ka hona chihyeh? nd ..acknowldegement , bibliography etc kya hota hai nd zroori hai project me lgaana ...? teachr said yes...but mujhe nhi pta kaise bnate hai

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher___________ who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic__________, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things. I am really thankful to them.

Secondly  I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.

I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge .
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

(Hint : An acknowledgement must not be quite big and must not contain details about help or other issues.  it is the shortest thing in the whole project)

 this was for acknowledgement!

n yes its necessary!

n yea, for bibleography, just write the name of sources u have taken ur project material from! lyk the name of books or website.. n it shuld be at the end of project! n acknowledgemnt after particulars sheet!!!

 n project shud be of near to 10-12 sheets!

n yea not frget to make index sheet!

n please if u got some material to write, den tell me!

i need it urgently

thnku 

INTRODUCTION:-

A banker or bank is a financial institution that acts as a payment agent for customers, and borrows and lends money. In some countries such as Germany, banks are the primary owners of industrial corporations while in other countries such as the United States banks are prohibited from owning non-financial companies.
Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current account, accepting term deposits and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current account, by making instalment loans, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of lending.
Banks provide almost all payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are not normally considered an adequate substitute for having a bank account.
Banks borrow most funds borrowed from households and non-financial businesses, and lend most funds lent to households and non-financial businesses, but non-bank lenders provide a significant and in many cases adequate substitute for bank loans, and money market funds, cash management trusts and other non-bank financial institutions in many cases provide an adequate substitute to banks for lending savings to.


TYPES OF BANKS:-

the main types of banks are:-

1.CENTRAL BANK:- The central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority, is the entity responsible for the monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states. Its primary responsibility is to maintain the stability of the national currency and money supply, but more active duties include controlling subsidized-loan interest rates, and acting as a "bailout" lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of financial crisis (private banks often being integral to the national financial system). It may also have supervisory powers, to ensure that banks and other financial institutions do not behave recklessly or fraudulently.

FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL BANK:-

The important functions of Central Banks are as follows:-

1-Sole right of note issue
The Central Bank in every country, now, has the monopoly note issue. The issue of notes is governed by certain regulation which is enforced by the state.

2-Banker to the state
A Central Bank acts as a banker to the government. It holds cash balances of the government free of interest.

3-Banker’s bank.
The central bank acts as a banker to the commercial banks.

4-Banker’s clearing house
The Central Bank acts as a clearing house for the settlement of mutual obligations of different commercial banks. If a difference exists, it is paid by a cheque drawn on the banks accounts carried at the Central Bank.

5-Lendor to the last resort
The Central Bank helps the member banks in times of crisis.

6-Financial agent
The Central Banks act as financial agents for the government. It is an agent for the government in purchasing and selling of gold and foreign exchange.

7-Effective monetary policy
The aim of the government is to create employment in the country, resist undue inflation and achieve a favorable balance of payment.

8-External functions
The Central Bank also performs a number of external functions. 


2.COMMERCIAL BANKS:-a commercial bank is an institution which accepts deposits of money from the public and provides loans and advances to businessmn and others.It also performs other related functions. STATE BANK OF INDIA is the largest commercial bank of india.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS:-

Commercial banking activites are different than those of investment banking, which include underwriting, acting as an intermediary between an issuer of securities and the investing public, facilitating mergers and other corporate reorganizations, and also acting as a broker for institutional clients.
Bank that offers a broad range of deposit accounts, including checking, savings and time deposits and extends loans to individuals and business. Commercial banks can be contrasted with investment banking firms, such as brokerage firms, which generally are involved in arranging for the sale of corporate or municipal securities......

3.INDUSTRIAL BANK:- These r the banks which provide long term fnance to industries.these banks also offers technical & managerial assistance.their main purpose is to ASSIST IN THE PROMOTION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL UNITS.These r also known as DEVELOPMENT BANKS.
Industrial finance corporation of india(IFCI) & Industrial development bank of india(IDBI) r examples.....

4.EXCHANGE BANKS:-these r a type of commercial banks.Their main function is FINANCING OF FOREIGN TRADE. They provide the following services:-

a) discounting of foreign bills of exchanges.
b) financing foreign trade
c)facilitating foreign remittances
d) buying & selling of gold n silver.

5.AGRICULTURAL BANKS:- these banks provide long term finance to agriculture sector . they r also known as LAND MORTGAGE BANKS bcuz loans r granted generally against mortgage of agricultural land.eg:- THE NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT(NABARD).

MATTER I FOUND BENEFICIAL IS----

but the problem is its not sufficient enough to make a whole project! 

Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The first banks were The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and Bank of Hindustan, which started in 1790; both are now defunct. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became theBank of Bengal. This was one of the three presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the British East India Company. For many years the Presidency banks acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors. The three banks merged in 1921 to form theImperial Bank of India, which, upon India's independence, became the State Bank of India in 1955.

[edit]History

Merchants in [Calcutta] established the Union Bank in 1839, but it failed in 1848 as a consequence of the economic crisis of 1848-49. The Allahabad Bank, established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldest Joint Stock bank in India.(Joint Stock Bank: A company that issues stock and requires shareholders to be held liable for the company's debt) It was not the first though. That honor belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 1863, and which survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the Alliance Bank of Simla.

Foreign banks too started to app, particularly in Calcutta, in the 1860s. The Comptoire d'Escompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another in Bombay in 1862; branches in Madras and Pondicherry, then a French colony, followed. HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869. Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the British Empire, and so became a banking center.

The first entirely Indian joint stock bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, established in 1881 in Faizabad. It failed in 1958. The next was the Punjab National Bank, established inLahore in 1895, which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest banks in India.

Around the turn of the 20th Century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since the Indian Mutiny, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved. Indians had established small banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities.

The presidency banks dominated banking in India but there were also some exchange banks and a number of Indian joint stock banks. All these banks operated in different segments of the economy. The exchange banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financing foreign trade. Indian joint stock banks were generally under capitalized and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange banks. This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe, "In respect of banking it seems we are behind the times. We are like some old fashioned sailing ship, divided by solid wooden bulkheads into separate and cumbersome compartments."

The period between 1906 and 1911, saw the establishment of banks inspired by the Swadeshi movement. The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found banks of and for the Indian community. A number of banks established then have survived to the present such as Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank and Central Bank of India.

The fervour of Swadeshi movement lead to establishing of many private banks in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara ( South Kanara ) district. Four nationalised banks started in this district and also a leading private sector bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is known as "Cradle of Indian Banking".

During the First World War (1914–1918) through the end of the Second World War (1939–1945), and two years thereafter until the independence of India were challenging for Indian banking. The years of the First World War were turbulent, and it took its toll with banks simply collapsing despite the Indian economy gaining indirect boost due to war-related economic activities. At least 94 banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table:

[edit]Post-Independence

The partition of India in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of Punjab and West Bengal, paralyzing banking activities for months. India's independence marked the end of a regime of the Laissez-faire for the Indian banking. The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 envisaged a mixed economy. This resulted into greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including banking and finance. The major steps to regulate banking included:

• The Reserve Bank of India, India's central banking authority, was established in April 1934, but was nationalized on January 1, 1949 under the terms of the Reserve Bank of India (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948 (RBI, 2005b).^[1]
• In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted which empowered the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) "to regulate, control, and inspect the banks in India".
• The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new bank or branch of an existing bank could be opened without a license from the SBI, and no two banks could have common directors.

[edit]Nationalisation

Banks Nationalisation in India: Newspaper Clipping, Times of India, July 20, 1969

Despite the provisions, control and regulations of Reserve Bank of India, banks in India except the State Bank of India or SBI, continued to be owned and operated by private persons. By the 1960s, the Indian banking industry had become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy. At the same time, it had emerged as a large employer, and a debate had ensued about the nationalization of the banking industry. Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, expressed the intention of the Government of India in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled "Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalisation."^[2] The meeting received the paper with enthusiasm.

Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden. The Government of India issued an ordinance ('Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Ordinance, 1969')) and nationalised the 14 largest commercial banks with effect from the midnight of July 19, 1969. These banks contained 85 percent of bank deposits in the country^[2]. Jayaprakash Narayan, a national leader of India, described the step as a"masterstroke of political sagacity." Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliament passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking) Bill, and it received the presidential approval on 9 August 1969.

A second dose of nationalization of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalization, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalized banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. After this, until the 1990s, the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy.

[edit]Liberalisation

In the early 1990s, the then Narasimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalization, licensing a small number of private banks. These came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new generation banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce, Axis Bank(earlier as UTI Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalized the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks.

The next stage for the Indian banking has been set up with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%,at present it has gone up to 74% with some restrictions.

The new policy shook the Banking sector in India completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4-6-4 method (Borrow at 4%;Lend at 6%;Go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional banks.All this led to the retail boom in India. People not just demanded more from their banks but also received more.

Currently (2010), banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government. The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true.

With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for banking services, especially retail banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect M&As, takeovers, and asset sales.

In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector bank) to 10%. This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector banks would need to be vetted by them.

In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connection with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the banks' loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide.^[3][4][5]

[edit]Adoption of banking technology

The IT revolution had a great impact in the Indian banking system. The use of computers had led to introduction of online banking in India. The use of the modern innovation and computerisation of the banking sector of India has increased many fold after the economic liberalisation of 1991 as the country's banking sector has been exposed to the world's market. The Indian banks were finding it difficult to compete with the international banks in terms of the customer service without the use of the information technology and computers.

Number of branche of scheduled banks of India as of March 2005

The RBI in 1984 formed Committee on Mechanisation in the Banking Industry (1984)^[6] whose chairman was Dr C Rangarajan, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India. The major recommendations of this committee was introducing MICR^[7] Technology in all the banks in the metropolis in India.This provided use of standardized cheque forms and encoders.
In 1988, the RBI set up Committee on Computerisation in Banks (1988)^[8] headed by Dr. C.R. Rangarajan which emphasized that settlement operation must be computerized in the clearing houses of RBI in Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Jaipur, Patna and Thiruvananthapuram.It further stated that there should be National Clearing of inter-city cheques at Kolkata,Mumbai,Delhi,Chennai and MICR should be made Operational.It also focused on computerisation of branches and increasing connectivity among branches through computers.It also suggested modalities for implementing on-line banking.The committee submitted its reports in 1989 and computerisation began form 1993 with the settlement between IBA and bank employees' association.^[9]
In 1994, Committee on Technology Issues relating to Payments System, Cheque Clearing and Securities Settlement in the Banking Industry (1994)^[10] was set up with chairman Shri WS Saraf, Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India. It emphasized on Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) system, with the BANKNET communications network as its carrier. It also said that MICR clearing should be set up in all branches of all banks with more than 100 branches.
Committee for proposing Legislation On Electronic Funds Transfer and other Electronic Payments (1995)^[11] emphasized on EFT system. Electronic banking refers to DOING BANKING by using technologies like computers, internet and networking,MICR,EFT so as to increase efficiency, quick service,productivity and transparency in the transaction.

Number of ATMs of different Scheduled Commercial Banks Of India as on end March 2005

^[9]

Apart from the above mentioned innovations the banks have been selling the third party products like Mutual Funds, insurances to its clients.Total numbers of ATMs installed in India by various banks as on end March 2005 is 17,642.^[12]The New Private Sector Banks in India is having the largest numbers of ATMs which is fol off site ATM is highest for the SBI and its subsidiaries and then it is followed by New Private Banks, Nationalised banks and Foreign banks. While on site is highest for the Nationalised banks of India.^[9]

 http://www.nios.ac.in/Secbuscour/15.pdf

 do chek dis site also! it also contains gud info!

thank u so much!!

mah pleasure!