How will you convert Benzene to phenol???

Benzene can be converted to phenol as follow:- 
1.

2. 

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by adding an OH group to benzene ring

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first do chlorination with cl2 followed by dow's process.

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Dow's Process?

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Raschig process: It is one of the industrial method of prep of phenol. First chlorobenzene is prepared by treatement of benzene with HCl in the presence of heated copper catalyst at 250oC. The resulting chlorobenzene is hydrolysed by steam over silica at 500oC

Benzene + 2HCl + O2 (over Cu at 250oC) = Chloronbenzene + 2H2O

Chlorobenzene + Steam (over silica at 500oC) = Phenol + HCl

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Dow's process: It is also commercial method of preparation of phenol. Here chlorobenzene is directly prepared by chlorination of benzene in the presence of FeCl3, then chlorobenzene is treated with NaOH at high temperature and pressure to get phenol.

Benzene + Cl2 (FeCl3 catalyst) = chlorobenzene + HCl

Chlorobenzene + 2NaOH (at 360oC and high pressure) = Ar-ONa + NaCl + H2O

Ar-ONa + HCl = ArOH + NaCl

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we can even hydrolyse benzene diazonium chloride

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