i am having exam tomorrow.....i dont have much time to read the whole lesson
can u send the important questions and notes for lifelines of national economy and manufacturing industries
thumbs up for sure
Sushrita Das answered this
To understand the chapter in brief please refer to the Revision Notes of the Chapter.
- 22
Robin answered this
Transprot routes are called the basic arteries of our economy”. Support this statement
Transport plays an important role in the economy.
Because of transport raw materials reach the factory and finished products reach to the consumer.
The pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over space.
Therefore, efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for fast development.
they have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways.and have added to the vitality of its economy.
The growing importance of road transport vis-�-vis rail transport
(a) construction cost ofroads is much lower than that of railway lines,
(b) roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography,
(c) roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the
(d) road transport is economical intransportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances,
(e) it also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower,
(f) road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
roads are classified in the following six classes according to their capacity
Golden Quadrilateral:
The government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata- Chennai-Mumbai and
The North-South corridors linking
The major objective is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of
implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
• National Highways:
link extreme parts of the country.
Are the primary road systems
are laid and maintain
ned by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD
• State Highways:
Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters
constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and
• District Roads:
connect the district headquarters with other places of the district.
are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
• Other Roads:
Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category.
These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.
Under this scheme special provisions are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season motorable road.
• Border Roads: ( significance)
Border Roads Organisation a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country.
This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas.
These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these area.
The Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. The first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km.
Metalled and unmetalled roads
Metalled roads are made of concrete or even bitumen of coal, these are all weather roads
. Unmetalled roads go out of use in the rainy season. They are made of mud.
Road Density
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads.
Distribution of road is not uniform in the country.
Density of all roads varies from only 10 km in Jammu & Kashmir to 375 km in Kerala with the national average of 75 km (1996-97).
Road transportation in
Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate.
About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season.
The National Highways are inadequate
the roadways are highly congested in cities
most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.
Importance/ advantages of railways
Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India
Railways also make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances.
Apart from an important means of transport the Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more than 150 years.
Railways in India
The distribution pattern of the Railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors.
The northern plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources provided the most favourable condition for their growth., a large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide beds posed some obstacles.
In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels.
The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.
it was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of
The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through gaps or passes (
In recent times, the development of the Konkan railway along the west coast has facilitated the movement of passengers and goods in this most important economic region of
rail transport suffers from certain problems
Many passengers travel without tickets.
Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely.
People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage to the railway.
Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of
In the past, these were used to transport water to cities and industries.
Now, these are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.
Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
The far inland locations of refineries like Barauni,
Advantages:
Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays.
three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country.
• From oil field in upper
• From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam,
• Gas pipeline from Hazira in
Waterways – advantages/ importance
Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
the National Waterways
• The Ganga river between
• The
• The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km) – N.W. No.3
Major Sea Ports
These major ports handle 95 per cent of
Kandla in Kuchchh
was the first port developed soon after
Kandla is a tidal port.
It caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across the states of
Mumbai
the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour.
Jawaharlal Nehru port
was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for this region.
Marmagao port (
is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country.
accounts for about fifty per cent of
New Mangalore port
located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines.
the extreme south-western port,
located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.
On the east coast,
Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu.
has a natural harbour and rich hinterland.
it has a flourishing trade handling of a large variety of cargoes to even our neighbouring countries like
Chennai
one of the oldest artificial ports of the country.
It is ranked next to Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and cargo.
the deepest landlocked and well-protected port.
was, originally, conceived as an outlet for iron ore exports.
Paradip port located in Orissa,
specialises in the export of iron ore.
Kolkata
is an inland riverine port.
serves a very large and rich hinterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra basin.
Being a tidal port, it requires constant dredging of Hoogly.
Haldia port
was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.
Airways:
The air transport was nationalised in 1953.
On the operational side, Indian Airlines, Alliance Air (subsidiary of Indian Airlines), private scheduled airlines and non- scheduled operators provide domestic air services.
air
Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. Provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off- shore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal.
Indian Airlines operations also extend to the neighbouring countries of South and south-east Asia and the
explain why is air transport preferred in north-eastern states of india?
it can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forest with great ease.
the north-eastern part of the country is marked with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief , dense forests and frequent floods and international frontiers and the air travel has made access to these places easier.
Role of communication
Personal communication and mass communication including television, radio, press, films, etc. are the major means of communication in the country.
Personal communication - importance
Indian Post:
The Indian postal network is the largest in the world.
It handles parcels as well as personal written communications.
Cards and envelopes are considered first–class mail and are airlifted between stations covering both land and air.
The second–class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals.
They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport.
To facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities, six mail channels have been introduced recently. They are called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.
Telephone:
In order to strengthen the flow of information from the grassroot to the higher level, the government has made special provision to extend twenty-four hours STD facility to every village in the country.
There is a uniform rate of STD facilities all over
Mass Comunication - importance
m ass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies.
It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films.
All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country
Doordarshan, the national television channel of
It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment, educational to sports, etc. for people of different age groups.
Newspapers:
They are of different types depending upon their periodicity.
Newspapers are published in about 100 languages and dialects.
Largest number of newspapers published in the country are in Hindi, followed by English and Urdu.
Films:
It produces short films; video feature films and video short films.
The Central Board of Film Certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films.
international Trade
Trade between two countries is called international trade.
It may take place through sea, air or land routes
. Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity.
It is, therefore, considered the economic barometer for a country.
Balance of trade
This is the difference between export and import of a country.
When export is higher than import , it is called favourable balance of trade
when the import is hihger than export, it is called unfavourable balance of payment.
International trade has under gone a sea change in the last fifteen years .
exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge.
it is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.
Tourism as a Trade and industry - importance
More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.
Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
it is a major foreign exchange earner
Explain improvements made by Indian Railways in it 's functioning.
- electrification of railway lines
to reduce burden on fossil fuels and to increase speed
- conversion of meter gauge to broad gauge
to ensure higher speed and higher carrying capacity
- construction of new railway lines
Construction of new railway track is undertaken in India to improve the connectivity of railways, decrease the burden on the existing lines and to accommodate high speed trains.
- steam engines have being replaced by diesel and electric engines
steam engines cause pollution , requires more labour and are not effective
- introduction of fast and intercity trains
in order to increase efficiency of transport system
- provision of better facilities to users
it is done to make the passengers convenient and comfortable with their journey
eg: food , and other essential facilities
- introduction of container service
inorder to increase transport of goods
- introduction of computerised reservation system
it has made reservation of tickets 24 hrs through online to be carried any place at any time
- 110
Robin answered this
IMPACT OF RAWLATT ACT ON POLITICAL SITUATION IN INDIA
Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).
Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April.
Rallies were organised in various cities
workers went on strike in railway workshops
shops closed down.
Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists.
Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.
On 13 April ; a crowd of villagers came to Amritsar to protest against proposed rowlatt act gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh.
Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people: satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs; people were flogged and villages were bombed.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.
this also lead to the launching of non co operation movement
effect of the worldwide economic depression.ON INDIAN ECONOMY
- Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926
- it collapsed after 1930.
- As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue.
- By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.
causes of civil disobedience movement
- rejection of ganhiji 's 11 demands by lord irwin
- effects of economic depression
- simon commission
explain salt satyagraha
gandhiji sent a letter to lord irwin stating 11 demands.
If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.
Irwin was unwilling to negotiate
So Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day.
Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British.
On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
how did the first world war help in the growth of national movement in india??
The First World War created a new economic and political situation.
It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
Through the war years prices increased leading to extreme hardship for the common people.
Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food.
This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic.
12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen.
What is meant by the idea of Satyagrah as advocated by Gandhiji?
The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
Rebellion in the Countryside: From the cities, the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. It drew into its fold the struggles of peasants and tribals which were developing in different parts of India in the years after the war.
Awadh
- In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi
- The movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses.
- Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
- The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
- In many places nai – dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen.
- In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh
- By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others.
- Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.
- As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards were taken over.
Tribal Peasants
- In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s
- Here, the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits.
- This enraged the hill people.
- their livelihoods were affected and their traditional rights were being denied.
- When the government began forcing them to contribute beggar for road building, the hill people revolted.
- Alluri Sitaram Raju was their inspiration. he claimed that he had a variety of special powers
- Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God.
- Raju was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
- he also asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.
- The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
- Raju was captured and executed in 1924
Swaraj in the Plantations
- For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
- Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and were rarely given such permission.
- When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
- They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. They, however, never reached their destination. they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
How people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain.
Response of British Rulers
Worried by the developments, the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders
This led to violent clashes in many palaces.
When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, was arrested in April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing.
Many were killed.
when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations
frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression.
peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested.
a)rich peasants
- In the countryside, rich peasant communities – like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh – were active in the movement.
- Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.
- As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand.
- And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment.
- These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement, organising their communities, and at times forcing reluctant members, to participate in the boycott programmes.
- For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues
b) poor peasants
- Many of them were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords.
- As the Depression continued and cash incomes dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent.
- They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
- They joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.
c)business men
- During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and become powerful .
- Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
- They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports
- . To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
- Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy, and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.
- They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
- Most businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints
d) industrial workers
- The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region.
- As the industrialists came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof.
- But some workers did participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement, selectively adopting some ideas of the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions.
- There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932.
- In 1930 thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns
e) women
- Another important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women.
- During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him.
- They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
- Many went to jail.
- In urban areas these women were from high-caste families; in rural areas they came from rich peasant households.
- Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.
what were the cultural Processes through which nationallism captured peoples imagination in india? explain any four.
there were a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.
- Nation Depicted in Images
- Folklores
Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.
These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces.
It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.
In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival.
In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India. He believed that folklore was national literature; it was ‘the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.
- National Flag
During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.
Reinterpretation of History
. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently.
The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves.
Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished. This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised.
These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.
The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic.
Foreign goods were boycotted,
liquor shops picketed,
foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore.
In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
SHORT NOTE ON KHILAFAT ISSUE
While the Rowlatt satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and towns.
Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India.
But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together.
One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor – the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.
A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.
Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.
At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.
SIGNIFICANCE OF LAHORE SESSION OF CONGRESS
In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India. It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence. But the celebrations attracted very little attention.
Worried by the developments, the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in many palaces. When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested in April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed. A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations – all structures that symbolised British rule. A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested
.
WHEN, WHY AND HOW DID GANHIJI RELAUNCH C.D.M
In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed. Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression. Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. With great apprehension, Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement
The Limits of Civil Disobedience
Participation of Dalits
For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers), and persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’. But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community.
Participation of Muslims
Some of the Muslim political organisations in India were also lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha. As relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened, each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities. Every riot deepened the distance between the two communities.
ROLE OF AMBEDKAR TO ALLOT RESERVED SEATS TO DALIDS
Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932. It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
The Congress and the Muslim League made efforts to renegotiate an alliance, and in 1927 it appeared that such a unity could be forged. The important differences were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab). Negotiations over the question of representation continued but all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise. When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities
what were the solutions suggested by b.r.ambedkar and mahatma gandhi to improve the conditions of harijans in india ?
ghandiji called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers), and persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.
HOW NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT UNFOLD IN STAGES
Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. students, headmasters , teachers , lawyers , merchants and traders ,.peasants and tribals etc. participated in the movement
Various social groups participated in this movement, each with its own specific aspiration. All of them responded to the call of Swaraj, but the term meant different things to different people.
a) he movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
b)It drew into its fold the struggles of peasants and tribals which were developing in different parts of India
INITIAL SATYAGRAHAS ORGANISED BY GANDHIJI IN INDIA
in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized satyagraha movements in various places. In 1916 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. Then in 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.
gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.so he decided to call off the movement
movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons.
Khadi cloth was often more expensive than massproduced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
Similarly the boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones. These were slow to come up. So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
SHORT NOTE ON SIMON COMMISSION
the new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British.
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations
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- Transport: Movement of people and goods from one place to another place is called transport. Modes of transport are: a) Land [Road, Rail, Pipeline], b) Water [Inland, Oceanic] and c) Air [Domestic, International]
- Communication: Transfer of idea, message, and information from one place to another place is called communication. Modes of communication are TV, radio, cellphone, newspaper, magazines, internet. Communication has two types: a) Print Media [Newspaper, Magazines] and b) Electronic Media [TV, Radio, Internet].
- Harbour: It is an area of sea which provides safe entrance to ships. It also protects ships from waves and storms.
- Port: It is a point on the coast which provides facility of anchoring of ship. It also provide facilities like loading and unloading, berth, cold storage. A port is connected with its hinterland. Seaports help in international trade and commerce.
- Hinterland: It is an area which serves port for international trade. For example, Maharastra, M P, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana are hinterland for Mumbai seaport. Various things produced in these states are exported through Mumbai port.
- Express Highway: These are 6 lanes best quality of roads. They have been constructed to connect important cities of India and to provide fast traffic from one place to other place.
- International Trade: Exchange of goods and services between two or more countries is called international trade.
- Golden Quadrilateral road connect north with south and east with west. It connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. It is 6 lanes good quality super express highway. It total length is 5846 km.
- East – West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujurat]. It connects Guwahati, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Jhansi and Rajkot.
- North – South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari. It connects Delhi, Agra, Nagpur, Hydrabad and Bangalore.
- Density of road is lowest in Jammu and Kashmir. It is only 10 km for 100 sq. km. area. Density of road is low in this state because this is a hilly state with very low populaton.
- Highest road density is found in Kerala. It is about 375 km. for 100 sq. km. area.
- Longest pipeline in India is H-B-J Pipeline [Hazira-Bijapur-Jagddishpur]. It is about 1700 km. long.
- Indian railway is divided into 16 railway zones.
- NH – 1 connects Delhi and Amritsar.
- NH – 2 connects Delhi and Kolkata. It is also called as Grand Truck Road.
- NH – 3 connects Mumbai and Agra.
- NH – 7 connects Varanasi and Kanyakumari. It is longest in India.
- India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Total road length in India is about 2.3 million km. There are various types of road in India.
- Golden Quadrilateral: It is a 6 lane super highway. This connects four mega cities of our country i.e Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. East-West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujarat]. North-South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari [Tamil Nadu].
- National Highways: These roads are most important in India. National Highways are constructed by CPWD. Important National Highways are NH-1, NH-2, NH-7 etc. These highways connects important cities, railways stations, port, mining areas, capital towns etc.
- State Highways: These roads connect state capital with district headquarters. They are constructed by SPWD [State Public Work Dept.].
- District Roads: These roads are found in rural areas. They connect district headquarter with village and blocks.
- Other Roads: It includes village roads. They are mainly non-metalled roads. Many roads have been constructed under “Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana”.
- Border Roads: Border Roads are constructed by Border Road Organisation [BRO]. These roads are constructed along the borders which are used to connect isolated parts with main country. These roads are very important from strategic point of view.
- Good for transportation of bulky and heavy materials
- It is cheaper for transporting goods for longer distances.
- Best for transportation of raw materials e.g. iron ore, manganese, coal etc.
- It is fast mode transportation.
- Large number of passengers can be transported.
- Railway provides various facilities such as night berth, catering, computerized reservation etc.
- Pipelines are used to transport gas and liquid materials such as mineral or refined oil, natural gas, water or even milk. Solid items can also be transported after making it ‘slurry’.
- Pipelines are found from oil producing centers to oil refinery plants and from oil refinery plants to the market [city].
- Minerals oil from upper Assam is transported to Barauni and Allahabad oil refinery through pipeline.
- Pipeline from Salaya to Jalandhar via Mathura and Delhi is also very important pipeline.
- The longest pipeline in India is H-B-J pipeline which connect Hazia, Bijapur and Jagdishpur. It is about 1700 km. long.
- Pipeline is best for transportation of gas and liquid materials e.g. oil, natural gas, water and milk.
- Construction of pipeline is cheaper than road and railways.
- Pipeline can be constructed in forest, swampy area, hills and desert. It can also be laid down under river and ocean water.
- Pipeline can ensure regular, quick and on-demand supply of liquid and gaseous materials.
- Pipelines can be operated at low energy cost and it does not pollute environment.
- Water transportation is cheapest among all mode of transportation because there is no need to construct any route.
- They are cheaper for transporting bulky and heavy raw materials.
- India has many perennial and seasonal rivers which offer transport facility. India has about 14,500 km long inland navigation waterways.
- India also has long sea coast on which there are many ports like Mumbai, Goa, Kochhi, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Haldia etc.
- India has three National Waterways:
- National Waterways – 1 Ganga 1620 km. Allahabad – Haldia
- National Waterways – 2 Brahmaputra 891 km. Sadiya – Dhubri
- National Waterways – 3 West Coast Canal 205 km. Kollam - Kottapuram
- There are some problems in using waterways like: a) Peninsular rivers are seasonal, b) Many rivers make waterfalls in their course, c) Water transportation is slowest among all transport modes, d) Construction of dams and barrage also blocks waterways, e) Many rivers flow in uninhabited area, f) Indian coast are shallow and we have less natural ports.
West Coast Ports | East Coast Ports | |
1. West coast ports are located in the west along Arabian Sea. 2. Important west coast ports are Mumbai, Mangalore, Marmagao, Cochin. 3. Cotton, spices, coffee, rubber, iron ore, manganse etc are exported to USA and European countries. 4. Mumbai is the largest port on west coast. | 1. East coast ports are located in the east along Bay of Bengal. 2. Important east coast ports are Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and Tuticorin. 3. Hinterland of these ports are rich in resources like iron ore, bauxite, manganese, mica. 4. Kolkata is the largest port on east coast. |
- It is fastest and most comfortable mode of transport. It can cover long distance within hours.
- River, hills, forest, oceans etc. do not come in the way of air transport.
- Air transport play very important role in rescue operation during natural disasters like flood and earthquake.
- It also connects isolated and far away places with main stream of the country. It is best for north-eastern states and Jammu and Kashmir.
- In India, domestic service is provided by ‘Indian Airlines’. It covers major cities of India and neighboring countries. International air transport service is provided by ‘Air India’.
- Pawanhans provides helicopter facility. Private companies like Sahara, Kingfisher are also operating air transportation in India.
- Problems: a) Air transport is very costly and not suited for common people, b) Construction of airport needs huge capital and technology, c) Airports cannot be constructed everywhere.
Personal Communication | Mass Communication | |
a) Personal communication takes place between two people or among very few people at a time. b) Means of personal communication are letters, postcards, telephone, mobile, telegram etc. c) It is handled mainly by Indian Postal Network and telephone companies. | a) Mass Communication takes place among many people at a time. Many persons can interact with each other. b) Means of mass communication are TV, radio, magazines, newspapers, internet, films etc. c) Mass communication includes print media and electronic media. |
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CHAPTER 6: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Important Terms Remember These Facts Importance of Manufacturing Industries a) Manufacturing industries are the backbone of our economy. Economic strength of any country depends on manufacturing industries. b) Manufacturing industries help in modernization of agriculture. Tractor, harvester, thresher, irrigation pipes, sprinklers, fertilizers etc are made in these industries. c) It is a great source of employment. Millions of people are directly engaged in manufacturing. These industries also help in eradicating unemployment and poverty. d) Export of manufactured items help trade and commerce and our country earn foreign exchange. e) Manufacturing meet the basic need of the people i.e. food, cloth and shelter. f) Highest contribution to our national economy comes from manufacturing industries. It brings prosperity, social and economic development. Types or Classification of Manufacturing Industries A] On the basis of Raw Materials [Input] 1. Agro Based: Those industries where raw materials come from agriculture, e.g. Cotton, Wollen, Jute, Silk Textiles, Sugar, Tea, Edible Oil 2. Mineral Based: Those industries where minerals are used as raw materials, e.g. Iron & Steel, Cement, Aluminum, Machine Tools etc. B] On the basis of their Main Role 1. Basic Industries: Those industries which provide raw material to other industries are called basic industries. These industries help the development of other industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper and Aluminium Smelting 2. Consumer Industries: Those industries which produce goods for consumers are called consumer industries. Finished goods of these industries are directly sold in the market for consumers, e.g. Sugar, Toothpaste, Soap, Bread, Paper etc. C] On the basis of Capital Investment 1. Small Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of capital in less than rupees one crore is called as small scale industries, e.g. Mat, Furniture, Toys, Bread, Tools etc. 2. Large Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of capital is more than rupees one crore is called as large scale industries, e.g. Iron & Steel, Petrochemicals, Cotton Textiles etc. D] On the basis of Ownership 1. Public Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by Govt. e.g. BHEL, SAIL, IISCO 2. Private Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by individual or group of individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd. Dabar India. 3. Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by Govt. and group of individuals. It is mixture of public and private sector, e.g. Oil India Ltd. [OIL]. 4. Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by supplier of raw materials and workers of the industries, e.g. Sugar industries in Maharastra, Coir industries in Kerala. E] On the basis of Finished Goods [Output] 1. Heavy Industries: Those industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials and produced heavy goods in large quantity are called heavy industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper Smelting. 2. Light Industries: Those industries which use light and small raw materials and produced light goods are called light industries, e.g. Electrical, Toys, Tools, Utensils etc.
Which factors affect the location of an industry?
Industries are not found everywhere. They are located at certain places only where they get favourable condition. Location of an industry is governed by mainly by the following two factors.
1. Raw Materials 2. Source of Energy 3. Source of Water 4. Availability of Capital and Finance | 5. Demand in Market 6. Skilled Labourers and Workers 7. Banking and Insurance 8. Transport and Communication |
Cotton Textile Industry and Its Problems
- It is an agro-based and the oldest industry in India. First cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai. At present, it the largest industry in our country. There are about 1600 cotton textile mills in our country.
- Cotton textile mills are mainly concentrated in Maharastra and Gujarat due to favourable conditions. Important centres are Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Suar, Rajkot etc. Other centres are Agra, Kanpur, Hugli, Chennai, Madurai etc.
- Cotton textile is produced by three methods in India: a) Handloom, b) Power-looms and c) Mills
- Cotton textile industry involves ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, tailoring and packaging to produce readymade garments.
- India export yarn and readymade garments to USA, Japan, UK, France, Nepal, Sri Lanka etc.
- Cotton textile industries are facing many problems such as: a) scarcity of good quality cotton, b) main cotton growing area went to Pakistan, c) old machinery, d) erratic power supply, e) low productivity of labour, f) tough competition from synthetic fibers.
Iron & Steel Industry and Its Problems
- This industry is called as basic industry because it provide raw material to many other industries such as machine an tools, transport equipment, construction material etc. It is also called as heavy industry because raw materials [iron ore, coal, limestone] are bulky in nature.
- Iron ore mixed with limestone is smelted in the blast furnace using coking coal to produce pig iron. The ratio of iron ore, limestone and coking coal used in 4:2:1.
- Pig iron is mixed with manganese, chromium and nickel which make it more stronger steel.
- Most of the steel plants are located in Chotanagpur region due to its favourable conditions. At present there are 10 integrated iron and steel plants and many small and mini plants. Important integrated steel plants are Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Bhilai, Burnpur etc.
- India produces about 33 million tons of steel every year even though per capita consumption of steel is very low i.e. 32 kg. It is low because India has low economic and industrial development.
- Today steel industries in India are facing many problems: a) High cost of production, b) Limited availability of coking coal, c) Low productivity of labour, d) Irregular supply of energy, e) Raw materials are found in a certain pocket of India only, f) Poor infrastructure like transport and communication etc.
Jute Industries and Its Problems
- India is largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. There are about 70 jute mills in our country.
- First jute mill was setup in Rishra [Kolkata] in 1859. Most of the jute mills are located along Hugli River in West Bengal due to favourable condition.
- Jute is used in making rope, bags, carpets etc. Bihar, UP, Assam and Tripura also have jute miils.
- Jute industries are facing problems like: a) main jute producing area went to Bangladesh, b) high production cost, c) declining demand of jute in international market, d) tough competition from synthetic fiber industry.
Why cotton industries are mainly concentrated in Maharastra and Gujarat?
Cotton textile industries are located mainly in Maharastra [around Mumbai] and Gujarat [around Ahmedabad] because of the following reasons.
a) Raw Materials: These areas have easy access to raw material i.e. cotton. Maharastra and Gujarat are the largest producer of cotton in India.
b) Favourable Climate: Humid climate is required for cotton textile. Maharastra and Gujarat have humid climate as they are located near to Arabian Sea. This climate is also good for cultivation of cotton.
c) Availability of Capital: Mumbai is the financial capital of our country. It provides finance and capital to cotton textile.
d) Labour: Maharastra and Gujarat are heavily populated area. Cheap labours are available in this region.
e) Transport and Communication: Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Pune etc are well connected by road and rail with other part of the country. Mumbai port is used to export readymade garments to European Countries.
Why iron and steel industries are located mainly in Chotanagpur Region?
Most of important integrated steel plants are locate in Chotanagpur region i.e in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Orrisa etc. It is because of the following reasons:
a) Raw Material: Chotanagpur area is rich in iron ore. Iron ore is extracted from Singbhum, Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar etc.
b) Energy: Coal is used for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. Coal is available from Raniganj, Dhanbad, Jharia and Bokaro.
c) Cheap labour: Bengal, Bihar and Orissa have high density of population. Therefore, cheap labour is available in this region.
d) Transport: This region is well connected by road and railway with other parts of the country. Nantional Highway 2, Delhi – Howrah and Howrah – Mumbai rail route passes through this region.
e) Capital: Kolkata is a megacity which provide capital, banking and insurance facility.
Jute industries are located mainly along Hooghly River. Why?
There are 69 jute mills located in a 2 km broad belt along Hooghly River. This area provides many favourable conditions required for this industry.
a) Raw jute is available for West Bengal. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute.
b) Coal for energy is brought from nearby Raniganj Coalfields.
c) Hooghly River provides water for washing and cleaning jute.
d) Warm and humid climate is very favourable for cultivation of jute and jute industry.
e) Kolkata is a metro city which provides capital and market.
f) Hooghly River also provides cheap water transport.
Sugar industry is shifting from northern to southern India. Why?
Earlier UP and Bihar were the main producer of sugarcane. Therefore, most of the sugar mills were located in these two states only. But now, sugar mills are shifting towards Maharastra and Karnataka because of following reasons.
a) Per hectare production of sugarcane is higher in southern India. Black soil is quite suitable for cultivation of sugarcane.
b) Sucrose content in the sugarcane is higher in Maharastra and Karnataka. It means more sugar can be produced for less sugarcane.
c) Mills and machines are new in southern states. New and modern machines increase the productivity.
d) Crushing season for sugarcane is longer in southern states.
e) Cooperative sugar mills are running successfully in southern states.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
a) Air pollution is caused by the emission of CO2, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide etc. Chimneys of the industries produce heat leading to Global Warming and Green House Effect. Use of CFC in various industrial products depletes ozone layer which filters ultraviolet rays of the sun.
b) Dumping of organic and inorganic industrial waste into water bodies pollute the water. Industries which produce paper, pulp, chemical, leather, acids, dyes, fertilizers etc generate lots of toxic waste which kills the aquatic life.
c) High intensity sound generated by running machines, siren, drilling, fans etc leads to noise pollution. It causes irritation, hearing impairment, heart attack etc. among the nearby people.
d) Mining activity to get raw material for industries also degrade the environment. Land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, water logging etc. of result of mining activities.
Measurement [Methods] for Controlling Environmental Pollution and Degradation
a) Industries should be located with careful planning and better design.
b) Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of coal.
c) Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels.
d) Modern equipment should be used which controls, filters and separate harmful materials from the waste.
e) Waste water should be properly treated before discharging into rivers.
f) Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of waste.
g) Polluting industries should be located away from town and cities.
CHAPTER 7: LIFELINE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
Important Terms
- Transport: Movement of people and goods from one place to another place is called transport. Modes of transport are: a) Land [Road, Rail, Pipeline], b) Water [Inland, Oceanic] and c) Air [Domestic, International]
- Communication: Transfer of idea, message, and information from one place to another place is called communication. Modes of communication are TV, radio, cellphone, newspaper, magazines, internet. Communication has two types: a) Print Media [Newspaper, Magazines] and b) Electronic Media [TV, Radio, Internet].
- Harbour: It is an area of sea which provides safe entrance to ships. It also protects ships from waves and storms.
- Port: It is a point on the coast which provides facility of anchoring of ship. It also provide facilities like loading and unloading, berth, cold storage. A port is connected with its hinterland. Seaports help in international trade and commerce.
- Hinterland: It is an area which serves port for international trade. For example, Maharastra, M P, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana are hinterland for Mumbai seaport. Various things produced in these states are exported through Mumbai port.
- Express Highway: These are 6 lanes best quality of roads. They have been constructed to connect important cities of India and to provide fast traffic from one place to other place.
- International Trade: Exchange of goods and services between two or more countries is called international trade.
Remember These Facts
- Golden Quadrilateral road connect north with south and east with west. It connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. It is 6 lanes good quality super express highway. It total length is 5846 km.
- East – West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujurat]. It connects Guwahati, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Jhansi and Rajkot.
- North – South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari. It connects Delhi, Agra, Nagpur, Hydrabad and Bangalore.
- Density of road is lowest in Jammu and Kashmir. It is only 10 km for 100 sq. km. area. Density of road is low in this state because this is a hilly state with very low populaton.
- Highest road density is found in Kerala. It is about 375 km. for 100 sq. km. area.
- Longest pipeline in India is H-B-J Pipeline [Hazira-Bijapur-Jagddishpur]. It is about 1700 km. long.
- Indian railway is divided into 16 railway zones.
- NH – 1 connects Delhi and Amritsar.
- NH – 2 connects Delhi and Kolkata. It is also called as Grand Truck Road.
- NH – 3 connects Mumbai and Agra.
- NH – 7 connects Varanasi and Kanyakumari. It is longest in India.
Road Transport and Its Types
- India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Total road length in India is about 2.3 million km. There are various types of road in India.
- Golden Quadrilateral: It is a 6 lane super highway. This connects four mega cities of our country i.e Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. East-West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujarat]. North-South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari [Tamil Nadu].
- National Highways: These roads are most important in India. National Highways are constructed by CPWD. Important National Highways are NH-1, NH-2, NH-7 etc. These highways connects important cities, railways stations, port, mining areas, capital towns etc.
- State Highways: These roads connect state capital with district headquarters. They are constructed by SPWD [State Public Work Dept.].
- District Roads: These roads are found in rural areas. They connect district headquarter with village and blocks.
- Other Roads: It includes village roads. They are mainly non-metalled roads. Many roads have been constructed under “Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana”.
- Border Roads: Border Roads are constructed by Border Road Organisation [BRO]. These roads are constructed along the borders which are used to connect isolated parts with main country. These roads are very important from strategic point of view.
Merits or Advantage of Roadways
a) Construction and maintenance of road is much lower than railways.
b) Roads can be constructed on hills, plateaus, forests and desert also.
c) Road can negotiate high degree of slope and can take sharp turns.
d) It provides door-to-door service facilities.
e) Roads can be constructed in the hills and forest also.
f) It is economical for few passengers and small amount of goods.
g) Transportation of perishable items e.g. milk, fish, vegetables are more reliable by roads.
h) Cost of loading and unloading of goods is much lower.
i) Road transport provide link between other mode of transport such as rail, airport, seaport etc.
Indian Railway at a Glance
§ Indian railway is about 150 years old. First rail was started in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane.
§ It connects State Capital with Capital of India. It also connects major towns and cities, tourist places, mining centers, seaports, airports etc.
§ There are about more than 7,000 stations on 63,000 km. long railway tract.
§ Indian railway is divided into 16 zones for proper administration.
§ Railways in India have three gauge system: a) Broad Gauge [1.676 m]
b) Meter Gauge [1.0 m]
c) Narrow Gauge [0.762 and 0.610 m].
§ There are various types of train running in India such as Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Mail and Express, Local and Special Trains which carry passengers.
§ About 80% of freight [goods] and 70% of passenger traffic is carried by railways.
§ Konkan Railways is built in Western Ghat Mountain. It is an example of best railway engineering in India. It has hundred of tunnels and bridges.
§ There is marked improvement in Indian railways. They are: a) Computerised Reservation System, b) Waiting Room Facilities on Stations, c) Catering Facility, d) Electrification of Tracks, e) Uni-Gauge System [Conversion of all gauges into broad gauge], f) Replacement of Steam Engine with Electric Engine, g) Special Trains like Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Jan Shatabdi, Summer Special etc.
Merits or Advantage of Railways
- Good for transportation of bulky and heavy materials
- It is cheaper for transporting goods for longer distances.
- Best for transportation of raw materials e.g. iron ore, manganese, coal etc.
- It is fast mode transportation.
- Large number of passengers can be transported.
- Railway provides various facilities such as night berth, catering, computerized reservation etc.
Pipelines in India and Its Advantages
- Pipelines are used to transport gas and liquid materials such as mineral or refined oil, natural gas, water or even milk. Solid items can also be transported after making it ‘slurry’.
- Pipelines are found from oil producing centers to oil refinery plants and from oil refinery plants to the market [city].
- Minerals oil from upper Assam is transported to Barauni and Allahabad oil refinery through pipeline.
- Pipeline from Salaya to Jalandhar via Mathura and Delhi is also very important pipeline.
- The longest pipeline in India is H-B-J pipeline which connect Hazia, Bijapur and Jagdishpur. It is about 1700 km. long.
Advantage of Pipeline Transportation
- Pipeline is best for transportation of gas and liquid materials e.g. oil, natural gas, water and milk.
- Construction of pipeline is cheaper than road and railways.
- Pipeline can be constructed in forest, swampy area, hills and desert. It can also be laid down under river and ocean water.
- Pipeline can ensure regular, quick and on-demand supply of liquid and gaseous materials.
- Pipelines can be operated at low energy cost and it does not pollute environment.
Water Transportation in India
- Water transportation is cheapest among all mode of transportation because there is no need to construct any route.
- They are cheaper for transporting bulky and heavy raw materials.
- India has many perennial and seasonal rivers which offer transport facility. India has about 14,500 km long inland navigation waterways.
- India also has long sea coast on which there are many ports like Mumbai, Goa, Kochhi, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Haldia etc.
- India has three National Waterways:
- National Waterways – 1 Ganga 1620 km. Allahabad – Haldia
- National Waterways – 2 Brahmaputra 891 km. Sadiya – Dhubri
- National Waterways – 3 West Coast Canal 205 km. Kollam - Kottapuram
- National Waterways – 1 Ganga 1620 km. Allahabad – Haldia
- There are some problems in using waterways like: a) Peninsular rivers are seasonal, b) Many rivers make waterfalls in their course, c) Water transportation is slowest among all transport modes, d) Construction of dams and barrage also blocks waterways, e) Many rivers flow in uninhabited area, f) Indian coast are shallow and we have less natural ports.
Distinguish between Ports on West and East Coasts
West Coast Ports | East Coast Ports | |
1. West coast ports are located in the west along Arabian Sea. 2. Important west coast ports are Mumbai, Mangalore, Marmagao, Cochin. 3. Cotton, spices, coffee, rubber, iron ore, manganse etc are exported to USA and European countries. 4. Mumbai is the largest port on west coast. | 1. East coast ports are located in the east along Bay of Bengal. 2. Important east coast ports are Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and Tuticorin. 3. Hinterland of these ports are rich in resources like iron ore, bauxite, manganese, mica. 4. Kolkata is the largest port on east coast. |
Airways in India and Its Advantages
- It is fastest and most comfortable mode of transport. It can cover long distance within hours.
- River, hills, forest, oceans etc. do not come in the way of air transport.
- Air transport play very important role in rescue operation during natural disasters like flood and earthquake.
- It also connects isolated and far away places with main stream of the country. It is best for north-eastern states and Jammu and Kashmir.
- In India, domestic service is provided by ‘Indian Airlines’. It covers major cities of India and neighboring countries. International air transport service is provided by ‘Air India’.
- Pawanhans provides helicopter facility. Private companies like Sahara, Kingfisher are also operating air transportation in India.
- Problems: a) Air transport is very costly and not suited for common people, b) Construction of airport needs huge capital and technology, c) Airports cannot be constructed everywhere.
Difference between Personal and Mass Communication
Personal Communication | Mass Communication | |
a) Personal communication takes place between two people or among very few people at a time. b) Means of personal communication are letters, postcards, telephone, mobile, telegram etc. c) It is handled mainly by Indian Postal Network and telephone companies. | a) Mass Communication takes place among many people at a time. Many persons can interact with each other. b) Means of mass communication are TV, radio, magazines, newspapers, internet, films etc. c) Mass communication includes print media and electronic media. |
India Trade and Its Types
§ Meaning of Trade: Exchange of goods and services among people is called as trade. In other words, buying and selling goods and services is called trade. The place where trade takes place is called as market or trading center. Trade takes place because all parts of world do not have same resources and they do not produce same commodity. Higher amount of trade indicate higher economic development of a country.
§ Balance of Payment: The ratio between value of export and import is called balance of payment. If export is higher than import, it is called ‘favourable balance of payment’. If import is higher than export, it is called negative balance of payment.
§ Export from India: Petroleum products, engineering goods, gems and jewellery, computer software, chemical products and agricultural products are exported by India to other countries.
§ Import to India: Petroleum, pearls and precious stones, coal, inorganic chemicals, fertilizers, electronic consumer durables are imported by India from other countries.
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Ishika Mehta answered this
awesum notes...
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Ashwathi Babu answered this
i think its itz better 4 u 2 read d text rather than reading this short note!
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