Amarsingh answered this
which is the more important for agriculture? why give answer in detail?
1.multiple croping system
2.green revolution
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Satyam Purohit answered this
- 1. The Story ofVillagePalampur
- 2. OverViewFarming is the main activity in Palampur, whereasseveral other activities such as small scalemanufacturing, dairy, transport, etc. are carried outon a limited scale.Palampur is well-connected with neighbouringvillages and towns. All weather road connects thevillage to Raiganj and further on to the nearest smalltown of Shahpur.Transport – Starting from bullock carts, tongas,bogeys to motor vehicles like motorcycles, jeeps,tractors and trucks.
- 3. About 450 families belonging to several different castes.80 upper caste families own the majority of land, theirhouses, some of them are quit large, are made of brick withcement plastering. The SCs, one third of the population livein one corner of the village, in much smaller houses of mudand straw.Electricity powers all the tubewells in the fields and is usedin various types of small business.Two primary schools and one high schoolA Primary Health Centre, one private dispensary.
- 4. Organisation of ProductionTo produce the goods and services that we want. There are four requirements forproduction of goods and services.First requirement is Land, other natural resources such as water, forests, minerals.Second requirement is Labour, some are highly educated others who can do manual work.The third requirement is Physical capital, i.e. the variety of inputs required at every stageduring production. Tools, machines, buildings can be used in production over many years,and are called fixed capital. Raw materials and money in hand are called working capital,these are used up in production.Fourth requirement - Knowledge and enterprise puts together land, labour and physicalcapital and produce an output. This these days is called Human Capital.Every production is organised by combining land, labour, physical capital and humancapital, are known as factors of production.
- 5. Farming in PalampurLand is FixedFarming is the main production activity in Palampur. 75 per cent of the working people aredependent on farming for their livelihood. Since 1960 in Palampur, there has been noexpansion in land area under cultivation. There exists no further scope to increase farmproduction by bringing new land under cultivation.
- 6. Ways by which one can grow more from the same landCrop Rotation – During the rainy season (kharif) farmers grow jowar and bajra. Theseplants are used as cattle feed. It is followed by cultivation of potato between October andDecember. In winter season (rabi), fields are sown with wheat. From the wheat produced,farmers keep enough wheat for the family’s consumption and sell the surplus wheat at themarket at Raiganj. A part of the land area is also devoted to sugarcane which is harvestedonce every year. Sugarcane, in its raw form, or as jaggery, is sold to traders in Shahpur.Well Developed system of Irrigation – Electricity cam early to Palampur. Its major impactwas to transform the system of irrigation. People saw that the electric-run tubewells couldirrigate much larger areas of land more effectively. As a result, by mid-1970s the entirecultivated area of 200 hectares was irrigated.
- 7. Multiple Cropping –It is the most common way of increasingproduction on a given piece of land. Allfarmers in Palampur grow atleast two maincrops; many are growing potato as the thirdcrop in the past fifteen to twenty years.Use of Modern Farming methods –One way of increasing production from thesame land is by multiple cropping. The otherway is to use modern farming methods forhigher yield. Yield is measured as cropproduced on a given piece of land during asingle season.
- 8. The Green Revolution in the late1960s introduced the Indian farmer tocultivation of wheat and rice usinghigh yielding varieties of seeds.Farmers of Punjab, Haryana andWestern Uttar Pradesh were the firstto try out the modern farmingmethods in India. The farmers inthese regions set up tubewells forirrigation, and made use of HYVseeds, chemical fertilisers andpesticides in farming. Some of thembrought machinery like tractors andthreshers, which made ploughing andharvesting faster. They wererewarded with high yields of wheat.Farmers now had greater amounts ofsurplus wheat to sell in the markets.
- 9. Q. What is the difference between multiple cropping and modern farming methods?Ans.Difference between Multiple Cropping and Modern Farming : Multiple cropping andmodern farming are two ways of increasing production from the same piece of land.Under multiple cropping, production is increased by growing more than one crop on apiece of land during the year. It is the most common way of raising agriculturalproduction. Under modern farming method, production is increased by using moderntechnology in place of traditional agricultural practices. Under this method, highyielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds are used in place of simple seeds. HYV seedspromise to produce much greater amounts of grain on a single plant. Again, chemicalfertilisers are used in place of cow dung and other natural manures.Q. What is the working capital required by the farmer using modern farming methods?Ans. Working capital required by the farmer using modern farming includes the following(i) HYV seeds (ii) Chemical fertilisers (iii) Pesticides (iv) Water (v) Diesel(vi) Cash or money in hand
- 10. Q. What kind of farming methods — modern or traditional or mixed do the farmers use?Write a note.Ans. In India, some farmers (mainly large farmers) use modern methods of farming. Farmersof Punjab, Haryana and western U.P. use these methods. However, small and marginalfarmers all over the country still use traditional methods of cultivation. However, some ofthem have begun to use better seeds, chemical fertilisers, etc. In fact, we find farmers usingmodern methods along with the farmers who still use traditional methods.Q. What are the sources of irrigation?Ans. (i) Canals (ii) Tubewells (iii) TanksA majority of the farmers in India continue to depend on rains as source of irrigation.Q. How much of the cultivated land is irrigated? (very little/nearly half/majority/all)Ans. Nearly half.Q. From where do farmers obtain the inputs that they require?Ans. Farmers obtain the required inputs from the traders
- 11. Will the land sustain ?Land being a natural resource , it isnecessary to be very careful in its use.Modern farming methods have overused thenatural resource base. Loss of soil fertilitydue to increased use of chemical fertilizersand reduction in the water-table below theground because of continuous use ofgroundwater for tubewell irrigation are someof the negative outcome of Green Revolution.(Chemical fertilizers may escape from thesoil and pollute groundwater, rivers andlakes. Chemical fertilizers can also killbacteria and other micro-organisms in thesoil. This means some time after their use,the soil will be less fertile than ever before.Continuous use of chemical fertilizers has ledto degradation of soil health. Punjab farmersare now forced to use more and morechemical fertilizers and other inputs toachieve the same production level. Thismeans cost of cultivation is rising very fast.)
- 12. Land Distribution between the Farmers of PalampurNot all the people engaged in agriculture have sufficient land for cultivation. In Palampur,about one third of the 450 families are landless, i.e. 150 families, most of them dalits, haveno land for cultivation. 240 families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares insize. Small plots are cultivated by small farmers. On the other hand, more than half thearea of the village is covered by plots that are quit large in size. There are 60 families ofmedium and large farmers who cultivate more than 2 hectares of land.
- 13. Q. Why are farm labourers like Dala and Ramkali poor?Ans. Both Dala and Ramkali are among the poorest people in village Palampur. Dala is alandless farm labourer who works on daily wages. He fails to get regular work in the fieldsbecause of mechanisation of agriculture. Similarly, Ramkali hopes to get lesser work evenduring the harvesting season this year. Last year she worked for less than five months inthe entire year. Due to past debt, the village moneylender has refused to give her any moreloan. So Dala and Ramkali are poor.Q. Gosaipur and Majauli are two villages in north Bihar. Out of a total of 850 households inthe two villages, there are more than 250 men who are employed in rural Punjab andHaryana or in Delhi, Mumbai, Surat, Hyderabad or Nagpur. Such migration is common inmost villages across India. Why do people migrate? Can you describe (based on yourimagination) the work that the migrants of Gosaipur and Majauli might do at the place ofdestination?Ans. Some people (250 in number) of Gosaipur and Majauli have migrated to the ruralareas of Punjab, Haryana, Mumbai, Nagpur etc. The migrants are employed by the largefarmers of these regions either as regular workers or as daily wage workers.
- 14. Who will provide the LabourFarming requires a great deal of hard work. Small farmers along with their families cultivatetheir own fields. Thus, they provide the labour required for farming themselves. Medium andlarge farmers hire farm labourers to work on their fileds.Farm labourers come either from landless families or families cultivating small plots of land.They paid wages by the farmer for whom they work. Wages can be in cash or in kind e.g.crop. Sometimes labourers get meals also. Wages very widely from region to region, fromcrop to crop, from one farm activity to another. There is also a wide variation in the durationof employment. A farm labourere might be employed on a daily basis, or for one particularfarm activity like harvesting, or for the whole year.The minimum wages for a farm labourer set by the government is Rs 60 per day. But alabourer gets only Rs 35-40. There is heavy competition for work among the farm labourersin Palampur, so people agree to work for lower wages.
- 15. The capital needed in FarmingMost small farmers have to borrow money to arrangefor the capital. They borrow from large farmers or thevillage money landers or the traders who supplyvarious inputs for cultivation. The rate of interest onsuch loans is very high. They are put to great distressto repay the loan.Large farmers charge them high interest rate, have towork for the large farmers during the busy harvestingtime and that also at a rate much lower then theminimum wages set by government. This leads tooverall exploitation.In contrast to the small farmers, the medium and largefarmers have their own savings from farming. They arethus able to arrange for the capital needed.
- 16. Sale of Surplus Farm ProductsThe small farmers have little surplus wheat becausetheir total production is small and from this a substantialshare is kept for their own family needs. So it is themedium and large farmers who supply wheat to themarket. The traders at the market buy they wheat andsell it further to shopkeepers in the towns and cities.Large and medium farmers use the earnings from thesurplus products as savings, can be used for lending tosmall farmers, who were in need of a loan. For buyingthe working capital for the next season. They are able toarrange for the capital for farming from their ownsavings. Some farmers might also use the savings tobuy cattle, trucks, or to set up shops.
- 17. Non-Farm Activities in Palampur25 per cent of the people workingin Palampur are engaged inactivities other than agriculture.Dairy – the other commonactivityDairy is a common activity in manyfamilies of Palampur. People feedtheir buffalos on various kinds ofgrass and the Jowar and bajra thatgrows during the rainy season. Themilk is sold in Raiganj, the nearbylarge village.Small Scale manufacturing inPalampurLess than fifty people are engagedin manufacturing in Palampur.Manufacturing in Palampurinvolves simple productionmethods and done on a smallscale. They are carried out mostlyat home or in the fields with thehelp of family labour. Rarely arelabourers hired.
- 18. Q. (a) What capital did Mishrilal need to set uphis jaggery manufacturing unit? Who providesthe labour in this case?(b) Can you guess why Mishrilal is unable toincrease his profit?(c) Could you think of any reasons when hemight face a loss?(d) Why does Mishrilal sell his jaggery totraders in Shahpur and not in his village?Ans. (a) Sugarcane crushing machine andsugarcane.(b) Mishrilal is unable to increase his profitbecause of high price of sugarcane.(c) He might face a loss when —(i) sugarcane price rises further (ii) demand forjaggery declines(d) Mishrilal sells his jaggery to traders inShahpur because he gets a better price.
- 19. Q. (a) In what ways is Kareem’s capitaland labour different from Mishrilal’s?(b) Why didn’t someone start a computercentre earlier? Discuss the possiblereasons.Ans. (a) Mishrilal’s capital is used toproduce jaggery (gur), while Kareem’scapital is used in the production of service.Similarly, Mishrilal employs unskilledlabour, whereas Kareem has employedtechnically trained workers.(b) There was no computer centre in thevillage before that of Kareem. Also, therewere no degree-holders in computerapplications in the village before.Moreover, computer has become apopular subject only in the recent years.
- 20. The shopkeepers of PalampurShopkeepers of Palampur buy various goodsfrom wholesale markets in the cities and sellthem in the village. They sell a wide range ofitems like rice, wheat, sugar, tea, oil, biscuits,soap, toothpaste, batteries, candles,notebooks, pen, pencil, even some cloth.Transport ; a fast developing sectorThere are variety of vehicles on the roadconnecting Palampur to Raiganj.Rickwallahas, tongawallahas, jeep, tractor,truck drivers and people driving the traditionalbullock cart and bogey are people in thetransport services. They ferry people andgoods from one place to another, and inreturn get paid for it.
- 21. Q. (a) What is Kishora’s fixed capital?(b) What do you think would be hisworking capital?(c) In how many production activities isKishora involved?(d) Would you say that Kishora hasbenefitted from better roads inPalampur?Ans. (a) Kishora’s fixed capital includes— a buffalo, wooden cart.(b) Kishora had a loan from the bankwhich could be his working capital.(c) Kishora is involved in the followingactivities :(i) He works as a farm labourer(ii) Dairying is another activity. He sellsbaffalo’s milk.(iii) He is also involved in transportactivity.(d) Yes, because he is involved intransport activity.
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Wakogeko answered this
The story gives the idea of production and employment in the villages of India. Palampur is a hypothetical village. Farming is the main activity. Besides dairy farming, shop keeping, small scale manufacturing etc.. are other activities. Palampur is connected with Raiganj a big village (3 kms away) andShahpur a small town.
Many kinds of vehicles like tongas, bullock carts, bogeys (carts drawn by buffalos ) loaded with jaggery, jeeps motor vehicles, tractors and trucks are also seen in the village.
There are around 450 families lived in palampur, 80 upper caste families own land in the village. The dalits (SCs) comprise one third of the village and lived in one corner of the village and much smaller houses made of mud and straw.
The village had the facilities of electricity, tube wells, 2 primary schools, one high school, a primary health centre run by the government and one private dispensary.
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Girisha Suneja answered this
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Aswathi answered this
ï½
The main production activity in thevillage is farming.
ï½
Other activities carried out on limited scale are dairy, transport, small scalemanufacturing etc.
ï½
Palampur has a welldeveloped road system, electricity, irrigation, health centre,schools and transport.
ï½
The production activities carried out in Palampur require resources such as naturalresources, human effort, money, man-made items, etc.
ï½
Requirements for the Production of Goods and Services
ï½
Land
and other requirements such as water, minerals and forests.
ï½
Labour
(people who will do the work).
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Some activities require educated and highly skilled workers.
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The other activities require workers who can simply do the manual work.
ï½
Physical Capital
(inputs required during production)
ï½Â
Fixed Capital:
Tools and machines such as generators, computers, buildings,turbines, etc. that can be usedin production for many years.
ï½Â
Working Capital:
Raw materials and money.
ï½
Human Capital:
Knowledge and enterprise is required for holding together land,labour and physical capital.
ï½
Farming in Palampur
ï½
Land is fixed
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75 %
of the people in Palampur are dependent on farming. Some are farmersand some are farm labourers.
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As all the land has already been used for cultivation, there is no possibility ofincreasing production by adding more land.
ï½
Increasing Production
ï½Â
No land is left idle. Different crops are cultivated in different seasons on thelimited land. It is called
multiple croppingChapter 1The Story ofVillage Palampurï½Village Palampurï½The main production activity in thevillage is farming.ï½Other activities carried out on limited scale are dairy, transport, small scalemanufacturing etc.ï½Palampur has a welldeveloped road system, electricity, irrigation, health centre,schools and transport.ï½The production activities carried out in Palampur require resources such as naturalresources, human effort, money, man-made items, etc.ï½Requirements for the Production of Goods and Servicesï½Landand other requirements such as water, minerals and forests.ï½Labour(people who will do the work).ï½ÂSome activities require educated and highly skilled workers.ï½ÂThe other activities require workers who can simply do the manual work.ï½Physical Capital(inputs required during production)ï½ÂFixed Capital:Tools and machines such as generators, computers, buildings,turbines, etc. that can be usedin production for many years.ï½ÂWorking Capital:Raw materials and money.ï½Human Capital:Knowledge and enterprise is required for holding together land,labour and physical capital.ï½Farming in Palampurï½Land is fixedï½Â75 %of the people in Palampur are dependent on farming. Some are farmersand some are farm labourers.ï½ÂAs all the land has already been used for cultivation, there is no possibility ofincreasing production by adding more land.ï½Increasing Productionï½ÂNo land is left idle. Different crops are cultivated in different seasons on thelimited land. It is calledmultiple croppingChapter 1The Story ofVillage Palampurï½Village Palampurï½The main production activity in thevillage is farming.ï½Other activities carried out on limited scale are dairy, transport, small scalemanufacturing etc.ï½Palampur has a welldeveloped road system, electricity, irrigation, health centre,schools and transport.ï½The production activities carried out in Palampur require resources such as naturalresources, human effort, money, man-made items, etc.ï½Requirements for the Production of Goods and Servicesï½Landand other requirements such as water, minerals and forests.ï½Labour(people who will do the work).ï½ÂSome activities require educated and highly skilled workers.ï½ÂThe other activities require workers who can simply do the manual work.ï½Physical Capital(inputs required during production)ï½ÂFixed Capital:Tools and machines such as generators, computers, buildings,turbines, etc. that can be usedin production for many years.ï½ÂWorking Capital:Raw materials and money.ï½Human Capital:Knowledge and enterprise is required for holding together land,labour and physical capital.ï½Farming in Palampurï½Land is fixedï½Â75 %of the people in Palampur are dependent on farming. Some are farmersand some are farm labourers.ï½ÂAs all the land has already been used for cultivation, there is no possibility ofincreasing production by adding more land.ï½Increasing Productionï½ÂNo land is left idle. Different crops are cultivated in different seasons on thelimited land. It is calledmultiple croppingChapter 1The Story ofVillage Palampurï½Village Palampurï½The main production activity in thevillage is farming.ï½Other activities carried out on limited scale are dairy, transport, small scalemanufacturing etc.ï½Palampur has a welldeveloped road system, electricity, irrigation, health centre,schools and transport.ï½The production activities carried out in Palampur require resources such as naturalresources, human effort, money, man-made items, etc.ï½Requirements for the Production of Goods and Servicesï½Landand other requirements such as water, minerals and forests.ï½Labour(people who will do the work).ï½ÂSome activities require educated and highly skilled workers.ï½ÂThe other activities require workers who can simply do the manual work.ï½Physical Capital(inputs required during production)ï½ÂFixed Capital:Tools and machines such as generators, computers, buildings,turbines, etc. that can be usedin production for many years.ï½ÂWorking Capital:Raw materials and money.ï½Human Capital:Knowledge and enterprise is required for holding together land,labour and physical capital.ï½Farming in Palampurï½Land is fixedï½Â75 %of the people in Palampur are dependent on farming. Some are farmersand some are farm labourers.ï½ÂAs all the land has already been used for cultivation, there is no possibility ofincreasing production by adding more land.ï½Increasing Productionï½ÂNo land is left idle. Different crops are cultivated in different seasons on thelimited land. It is calledmultiple croppingChapter 1The Story ofVillage Palampurï½Village Palampurï½The main production activity in thevillage is farming.ï½Other activities carried out on limited scale are dairy, transport, small scalemanufacturing etc.ï½Palampur has a welldeveloped road system, electricity, irrigation, health centre,schools and transport.ï½The production activities carried out in Palampur require resources such as naturalresources, human effort, money, man-made items, etc.ï½Requirements for the Production of Goods and Servicesï½Landand other requirements such as water, minerals and forests.ï½Labour(people who will do the work).ï½ÂSome activities require educated and highly skilled workers.ï½ÂThe other activities require workers who can simply do the manual work.ï½Physical Capital(inputs required during production)ï½ÂFixed Capital:Tools and machines such as generators, computers, buildings,turbines, etc. that can be usedin production for many years.ï½ÂWorking Capital:Raw materials and money.ï½Human Capital:Knowledge and enterprise is required for holding together land,labour and physical capital.ï½Farming in Palampurï½Land is fixedï½Â75 %of the people in Palampur are dependent on farming. Some are farmersand some are farm labourers.ï½ÂAs all the land has already been used for cultivation, there is no possibility ofincreasing production by adding more land.ï½Increasing Productionï½ÂNo land is left idle. Different crops are cultivated in different seasons on thelimited land. It is calledmultiple croppingChapter 1The Story ofVillage Palampurï½Village Palampurï½The main production activity in thevillage is farming.ï½Other activities carried out on limited scale are dairy, transport, small scalemanufacturing etc.ï½Palampur has a welldeveloped road system, electricity, irrigation, health centre,schools and transport.ï½The production activities carried out in Palampur require resources such as naturalresources, human effort, money, man-made items, etc.ï½Requirements for the Production of Goods and Servicesï½Landand other requirements such as water, minerals and forests.ï½Labour(people who will do the work).ï½ÂSome activities require educated and highly skilled workers.ï½ÂThe other activities require workers who can simply do the manual work.ï½Physical Capital(inputs required during production)ï½ÂFixed Capital:Tools and machines such as generators, computers, buildings,turbines, etc. that can be usedin production for many years.ï½ÂWorking Capital:Raw materials and money.ï½Human Capital:Knowledge and enterprise is required for holding together land,labour and physical capital.ï½Farming in Palampurï½Land is fixedï½Â75 %of the people in Palampur are dependent on farming. Some are farmersand some are farm labourers.ï½ÂAs all the land has already been used for cultivation, there is no possibility ofincreasing production by adding more land.ï½Increasing Productionï½ÂNo land is left idle. Different crops are cultivated in different seasons on thelimited land. It is calledmultiple croppingChapter 1The Story ofVillage Palampurï½Village Palampurï½The main production activity in thevillage is farming.ï½Other activities carried out on limited scale are dairy, transport, small scalemanufacturing etc.ï½Palampur has a welldeveloped road system, electricity, irrigation, health centre,schools and transport.ï½The production activities carried out in Palampur require resources such as naturalresources, human effort, money, man-made items, etc.ï½Requirements for the Production of Goods and Servicesï½Landand other requirements such as water, minerals and forests.ï½Labour(people who will do the work).ï½ÂSome activities require educated and highly skilled workers.ï½ÂThe other activities require workers who can simply do the manual work.ï½Physical Capital(inputs required during production)ï½ÂFixed Capital:Tools and machines such as generators, computers, buildings,turbines, etc. that can be usedin production for many years.ï½ÂWorking Capital:Raw materials and money.ï½Human Capital:Knowledge and enterprise is required for holding together land,labour and physical capital.ï½Farming in Palampurï½Land is fixedï½Â75 %of the people in Palampur are dependent on farming. Some are farmersand some are farm labourers.ï½ÂAs all the land has already been used for cultivation, there is no possibility ofincreasing production by adding more land.ï½Increasing Productionï½ÂNo land is left idle. Different crops are cultivated in different seasons on thelimited land. It is calledmultiple croppingChapter 1The Story ofVillage Palampurï½Village Palampurï½The main production activity in thevillage is farming.ï½Other activities carried out on limited scale are dairy, transport, small scalemanufacturing etc.ï½Palampur has a welldeveloped road system, electricity, irrigation, health centre,schools and transport.ï½The production activities carried out in Palampur require resources such as naturalresources, human effort, money, man-made items, etc.ï½Requirements for the Production of Goods and Servicesï½Landand other requirements such as water, minerals and forests.ï½Labour(people who will do the work).ï½ÂSome activities require educated and highly skilled workers.ï½ÂThe other activities require workers who can simply do the manual work.ï½Physical Capital(inputs required during production)ï½ÂFixed Capital:Tools and machines such as generators, computers, buildings,turbines, etc. that can be usedin production for many years.ï½ÂWorking Capital:Raw materials and money.ï½Human Capital:Knowledge and enterprise is required for holding together land,labour and physical capital.ï½Farming in Palampurï½Land is fixedï½Â75 %of the people in Palampur are dependent on farming. Some are farmersand some are farm labourers.ï½ÂAs all the land has already been used for cultivation, there is no possibility ofincreasing production by adding more land.ï½Increasing Productionï½ÂNo land is left idle. Different crops are cultivated in different seasons on thelimited land. It is calledmultiple cropping
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