what is big bang theory? how our earth formed

Big bang theory is a theory that tells how universe that is space time and matter was formed in the universe. This theory was derived mathematically from equations of general relativity by the Belgian monk Georges Lemaitre that gives a creation point of the universe.

Chief features of Big Bang theory are

  1. All points that comprise our universe was confined to a single point of infinite temperature, infinite density and known laws of physics does not hold at that point.
  2. An explosion occurred at that point about 13.75 billion years ago and point began to expand, real time started. It can be thought as small marks on balloon being inflated.
  3. Four forces began to separate.
  4. In the process of expansion various elementary particles began to separate and space progressively began cooling down.
  5. Matter began to form by formations of atoms and molecules and the first element hydrogen formed.
  6. Large clouds of hydrogen formations called nebula existed and gravitational collapse of these clouds gave birth to stars. Inside stars various elements starting with Helium began to form.
  7. Galaxies began to form and galaxies are receding away because of expansion.
  8. One of the stars after a lot of time after the big bang exploded and this generated instability in the nebula which resulted in the formation of our sun.
  9. The outer disk of gas around sun known as proto-planetary disk began to collapse again to form planets. 

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 The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe. Discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown beyond a reasonable doubt that our universe did in fact have a beginning. Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after that moment there was something: our universe. The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment. 

According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago. What is a "singularity" and where does it come from? Well, to be honest, we don't know for sure. Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics. They are thought to exist at the core of "black holes." Black holes are areas of intense gravitational pressure. The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter is actually squished into infinite density (a mathematical concept which truly boggles the mind). These zones of infinite density are called "singularities." Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity. Where did it come from? We don't know. Why did it appear? We don't know. 

After its initial appearance, it apparently inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled, going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and temperature of our current universe. It continues to expand and cool to this day and we are inside of it: incredible creatures living on a unique planet, circling a beautiful star clustered together with several hundred billion other stars in a galaxy soaring through the cosmos, all of which is inside of an expanding universe that began as an infinitesimal singularity which appeared out of nowhere for reasons unknown. This is the Big Bang theory.

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The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing cosmological model that explains the early development of our Universe. Basically, it states that at one point the Universe existed in an extremely hot and dense state known as a singularity, which was composed entirely of energy. Then, around 13.7 billion years ago, this tiny singularity expanded very rapidly in an event known as cosmic inflation. As the Universe expanded, it cooled and became less dense. Energy was converted into subatomic particles, which would later come together to form atoms. The first elements were hydrogen and helium; heavier elements would be synthesized within stars or during supernovae. The Big Bang is considered to be the origin of space and time, and everything in the Universe was formed from the energy released by it. 

The Big Bang Theory does not fully explain the true origin of the Universe, it is only based on the fact that a singularity (which was the Universe) was already there and that it expanded to form the modern Universe. What caused the singularity to expand, how it came into being, and what was before it is unknown. Speculation abounds, but ultimately the cause of the Big Bang may never be fully realized because this is outside our realm of observation. 

The idea that would become the Big Bang Theory was first proposed by a Catholic priest named Georges Lemaitre, who called it his "hypothesis of the primeval atom." Since then, scientists have built on his ideas and much evidence has arisen. The Big Bang is a very well tested and widely accepted model and is the best explanation for the full range of phenomena astronomers observe. Since its conception, many scientists have proposed alternative theories, but none of them could hold as much weight. The two most commonly mentioned pieces of evidence for the Big Bang are the expansion of the Universe and the cosmic microwave background, although much more exists. 

It has been consistently observed that galaxy clusters are moving away from each other and the universe is expanding. Expansion is observed through a phenomenon called redshift, in which the lightwaves from objects that are moving further away are stretched towards the red side of the spectrum. Almost all the galaxies outside our Local Group are moving away from us in every direction. If the Universe is expanding, it must have been smaller in the past. The Big Bang Theory makes more sense when we know this. 

Furthermore, the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in the 1960's helped validate the Big Bang. This leftover thermal radiation permeates the Universe almost uniformly, and is from an early stage in its development. When the Universe was still young, it was very hot and filled with an opaque fog of hydrogen plasma. As it expanded and cooled, stable atoms could form. These atoms could no longer hold onto the radiation, and it was released into space, making the Universe transparent. That same radiation which was released long ago remains today as a weak afterglow of the Big Bang, and a confirmation of the event. 

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The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing cosmological model that explains the early development of our Universe. Basically, it states that at one point the Universe existed in an extremely hot and dense state known as a singularity, which was composed entirely of energy. Then, around 13.7 billion years ago, this tiny singularity expanded very rapidly in an event known as cosmic inflation. As the Universe expanded, it cooled and became less dense. Energy was converted into subatomic particles, which would later come together to form atoms. The first elements were hydrogen and helium; heavier elements would be synthesized within stars or during supernovae. The Big Bang is considered to be the origin of space and time, and everything in the Universe was formed from the energy released by it.
 
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Big Bang Theory - The Premise
The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe. Discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown beyond a reasonable doubt that our universe did in fact have a beginning. Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after that moment there was something: our universe. The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment. 

According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago. What is a "singularity" and where does it come from? Well, to be honest, we don't know for sure. Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics. They are thought to exist at the core of "black holes." Black holes are areas of intense gravitational pressure. The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter is actually squished into infinite density (a mathematical concept which truly boggles the mind). These zones of infinite density are called "singularities." Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity. Where did it come from? We don't know. Why did it appear? We don't know. 

After its initial appearance, it apparently inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled, going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and temperature of our current universe. It continues to expand and cool to this day and we are inside of it: incredible creatures living on a unique planet, circling a beautiful star clustered together with several hundred billion other stars in a galaxy soaring through the cosmos, all of which is inside of an expanding universe that began as an infinitesimal singularity which appeared out of nowhere for reasons unknown. This is the Big Bang theory.

Big Bang Theory - Common Misconceptions
There are many misconceptions surrounding the Big Bang theory. For example, we tend to imagine a giant explosion. Experts however say that there was no explosion; there was (and continues to be) an expansion. Rather than imagining a balloon popping and releasing its contents, imagine a balloon expanding: an infinitesimally small balloon expanding to the size of our current universe. 

Another misconception is that we tend to image the singularity as a little fireball appearing somewhere in space. According to the many experts however, space didn't exist prior to the Big Bang. Back in the late '60s and early '70s, when men first walked upon the moon, "three British astrophysicists, Steven Hawking, George Ellis, and Roger Penrose turned their attention to the Theory of Relativity and its implications regarding our notions of time. In 1968 and 1970, they published papers in which they extended Einstein's Theory of General Relativity to include measurements of time and space.1, 2 According to their calculations, time and space had a finite beginning that corresponded to the origin of matter and energy."3The singularity didn't appear in space; rather, space began inside of the singularity. Prior to the singularity, nothing existed, not space, time, matter, or energy - nothing. So where and in what did the singularity appear if not in space? We don't know. We don't know where it came from, why it's here, or even where it is. All we really know is that we are inside of it and at one time it didn't exist and neither did we.

Big Bang Theory - Evidence for the Theory
What are the major evidences which support the Big Bang theory?

  • First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning.
  • Second, galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called "Hubble's Law," named after Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) who discovered this phenomenon in 1929. This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted.
  • Third, if the universe was initially very, very hot as the Big Bang suggests, we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, Radioastronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe. This is thought to be the remnant which scientists were looking for. Penzias and Wilson shared in the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery.
  • Finally, the abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins.

 

Big Bang Theory - The Only Plausible Theory?
Is the standard Big Bang theory the only model consistent with these evidences? No, it's just the most popular one. Internationally renown Astrophysicist George F. R. Ellis explains: "People need to be aware that there is a range of models that could explain the observations….For instance, I can construct you a spherically symmetrical universe with Earth at its center, and you cannot disprove it based on observations….You can only exclude it on philosophical grounds. In my view there is absolutely nothing wrong in that. What I want to bring into the open is the fact that we are using philosophical criteria in choosing our models. A lot of cosmology tries to hide that."4 

In 2003, Physicist Robert Gentry proposed an attractive alternative to the standard theory, an alternative which also accounts for the evidences listed above.5 Dr. Gentry claims that the standard Big Bang model is founded upon a faulty paradigm (the Friedmann-lemaitre expanding-spacetime paradigm) which he claims is inconsistent with the empirical data. He chooses instead to base his model on Einstein's static-spacetime paradigm which he claims is the "genuine cosmic Rosetta." Gentry has published several papers outlining what he considers to be serious flaws in the standard Big Bang model.6 Other high-profile dissenters include Nobel laureate Dr. Hannes Alfvén, Professor Geoffrey Burbidge, Dr. Halton Arp, and the renowned British astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle, who is accredited with first coining the term "the Big Bang" during a BBC radio broadcast in 1950.

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