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what is normality?

NORMALITY IS THE CONCENTRATION TERM TO EXPRESS CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE PRESENT IN THE SOLUTION.

NORMALITY IS DEFINED AS NO. OF GRAM EQUIVALENTS PER LITRE OF THE SOLUTION

MATHEMATICALLY WE MAY WRITE AS

NORMALITY=NO. OF GRAM EQUIVALENTS/VOLUME OF SOLUTION

FURTHUR

NO. OF GRM EQUIVALENTS=GIVEN MASS OF SOLUTE/EQUIVALENT MASS

FURTHER,

EQUIVALENT MASS=MOLECULAR MASS/Z-FACTOR

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In chemistry, the normality of a solution is defined as the molar concentration c_i divided by an equivalence factor f_mathrm{eq}:

normality  = frac {c_i}{f_mathrm{eq}}


Normality can be used for acid-base titrations. For example, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a diprotic acid. Since only 0.5 mol of H2SO4 are needed to produce 1 mol of H+, the equivalence factor is:

f_mathrm{eq}(H2SO4) = 0.5

If the concentration of a sulfuric acid solution is c(H2SO4) = 1 mol/L, then its normality is 2 N. It can also be called a "2 normal" solution.

Similarly, for a solution with c(H3PO4) = 1 mol/L, the normality is 3 N because phosphoric acid contains 3 acidic H atoms.


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