write the process of recombinant dna
Recombinant DNA Technology [RDT]: It is the process through which we can introduce desired characteristics or genes into an organism.
Tools: Restriction enzymes - These are enzymes that belong to a class of nucleases and are of two types. Endonucleases and exonucleases. Endonucleases isolate the desired DNA from the mid portion of the DNA sequence while exonucleases do that from the outer ends. Cutting the two different DNA with the same restriction enzyme results in similar sticky ends, which facilitates the action of the DNA ligase enzyme. DNA ligase joins the isolated DNA with the plasmid DNA. Since the DNA was cut using the restriction enzyme, it is the form of fragments of different sizes. The fragments are made to undergo a process called gel electrophoresis in which they are kept in a medium of agarose gel. Current is allowed through the system and DNA being negative moves towards the anode end. The smaller fragments move faster than the longer ones. The separated DNA fragments are stained using ethidium bromide and exposed to UV light. Then, the separate bands are cut out by elution.
Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR] - It is the in vitro amplification process of the small amount of rDNA that is obtained earlier using two sets of primers and genomic DNA as the template. The enzyme DNA polymerase helps in joining the primers in correct sequence by recognizing the required sequence.
Note: This is only the 3/4th answer. Consult the NCERT textbook for the more detailed process. I hope it helped. (:
Tools: Restriction enzymes - These are enzymes that belong to a class of nucleases and are of two types. Endonucleases and exonucleases. Endonucleases isolate the desired DNA from the mid portion of the DNA sequence while exonucleases do that from the outer ends. Cutting the two different DNA with the same restriction enzyme results in similar sticky ends, which facilitates the action of the DNA ligase enzyme. DNA ligase joins the isolated DNA with the plasmid DNA. Since the DNA was cut using the restriction enzyme, it is the form of fragments of different sizes. The fragments are made to undergo a process called gel electrophoresis in which they are kept in a medium of agarose gel. Current is allowed through the system and DNA being negative moves towards the anode end. The smaller fragments move faster than the longer ones. The separated DNA fragments are stained using ethidium bromide and exposed to UV light. Then, the separate bands are cut out by elution.
Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR] - It is the in vitro amplification process of the small amount of rDNA that is obtained earlier using two sets of primers and genomic DNA as the template. The enzyme DNA polymerase helps in joining the primers in correct sequence by recognizing the required sequence.
Note: This is only the 3/4th answer. Consult the NCERT textbook for the more detailed process. I hope it helped. (: