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SOLUTION:

The solution of 1- 4 question has been provided below:

1. The 3 institutions that have an important role in decision-making are the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

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2. The President is the head of the state and at present that is Mr. Ram Nath Kovind.

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3. The head of the government is the Prime Minister, while the nominal head is the President.

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4. The Government of India appointed the commission of the Second Backward class in 1979, led by B.P. Mandal to fix the criteria so as to identify the socially and educationally backward classes and to set the next steps to be considered in their upliftment. In 1980, the report of the Commission suggested a 27% reservation fo them in the government jobs, and in 1989, during the Lok Sabha elections the Janata Party also promised to implement the same and after coming to power, the then Prime Minister - Mr. V. P. Singh decided to implement the suggestion. Accordingly, the President declared the intention to the Parliament, and on 6th Aug 1990, the decision to implement it was taken. It was informed to both the houses and the same was sent for approvals of ministers after being drafted by the Department of Personnel and Training and thus it was issued.

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