Detailed explanation needed.
The correct option is (d) i.e. all of these because all of these tests are carried out by examination of amniotic fluid.
AFAFP level stands for Amniotic Fluid Alpha-Feto-Protein level.
This test checks a sample of amniotic fluid to confirm whether the fetus has a birth defect or not. The defect is called an open neural tube defect like spina bifida. When a developing baby has open neural tube defect, it often causes a high level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).
Acetylcholinesterase test is also done for the confirmation of any neural tube defect in the fetus like- spina bifida or anencephaly. AChE is primarily active in the central nervous system with small amounts of enzyme found in erythrocytes, skeletal muscle, and fetal serum. Normal amniotic fluid does not contain AChE, unless contributed by the fetus as a result of an open NTD.
Haemoglobin F is fetal Hb, used to evaluate low concentrations of normal hemoglobin in red blood cells and higher-than-normal levels of fetal hemoglobin or its hereditary persistence. Fetal hemoglobin measurement helps diagnose a group of inherited disorders that affect hemoglobin production, among which are the thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, leukemia, pernicious anemia, and certain types of cancer.
If yo have any more doubts then you can ask them here on the forum and our experts will try to help you out as soon as possible.
Regards