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Our ancient religious texts and epics give a good insight into the water storage and conservation systems that prevailed in those days.

Over the years the rising populations, growing industrialization and expecting agriculture have pushed upon the demand for water. Efforts have been made to collect water by building dams and reservoirs and digging wells; some countries have also tried to recycle and desalinate (remove salts) water. Water conservation has become the need of the day. The idea of ground water recharging by harvesting rainwater is gaining importance in many cities.

In the forest, water seeps gently into the ground as vegetation retards the flow of water over the surface. This ground water in turn feeds wells, lakes and rivers. Protecting forests means protecting water 'catchments' capacity. In ancient India, people believed that forests were the 'mothers' of rivers and worshipped the sources of these water bodies.

Some Ancient Indian Methods performance water Conservation

The Indus Valley Civilization, that flourished along the banks of the river Indus and other parts of Western and Northern India about 5,000 years ago, had one of the most sophisticated urban water supply and sewage systems in the world.

The fact that the people were well acquainted with hygiene can be seen from the covered drains running beneath the streets found in the ruins at both Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Another very good example is the well-planned city of Dholavira, on Khadir Between, a low plateau in the Rann in Gujarat. One of the oldest, water harvesting systems is found about 130 km from Pune along Naneghat in the Western Ghats.

A large number of tanks were cut in the rocks to provide drinking water to tradesmen who used to travel along this ancient trade route. Each fort in the area had is own water harvesting and storage system in the form of rock-cut cisterns, ponds, tanks and wells that are still in use today. A large number of forts like Raigad hand tanks that supplied water.

In ancient times, houses in parts of western Rajasthan were built so that each had a root top water harvesting system. Rainwater from these rooftops was directed into underground tanks. This system can be seen even today in all the forts, palaces and houses of the region.

Underground baked earthen pipes and tunnels to maintain the flow of water for to transport it to distant places, are still functional at Burhanpur in Madhya Pradesh, Golkunda and Bijapur in Karnataka, and Aurangabad in Maharashtra.

Important Points to Follow for Water Conservation

The most important step in the direction of finding solutions to problems of water and environment conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits which includes each one of us. Conserve water because it is the right thing to do. We can follow some of the simple things that have been listed below and contributed to water conservation.

I. Try to do one thing each day that will result in saving water. Don't worry if the savings are minimal because every drop counts ! You can make a difference.

II. Remember to use only the amount you actually need.

III. Form a group of water -conscious people and encouarage your friends and neighbours to be part of this group. Promote water conservation in community news letters and on bulletin boars. Encourage your friends, neighbours and co-workers to also contribute.

IV. Encourage your family to keep looking for new ways to conserve water in and around your home.

V. Make sure that your home is leak free. Many homes have leaking pipes that goods unnoticed.

VI. Do not leave the tap running while you are brushing your teeth or soaping your face.

VII. See that there are no leaks in the toilet tank. You can check this by adding colour to the tank. If there is a leak, color will appear in the toilet bowl within 30 minutes. (Flush as soon as the test is done, since food colouring may stain the tank.)

IX. Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily. Put a brick or any other device that occupies space to cut down on the amount of water needed in each flush.

X. When washing the car, use water from bucket and not hosepice.

XI. Do not throw away water that has been used for washing vegetable, rice or dals. Use it to water plants or to clean the floors, etc.

XII. You can store water in a variety of ways. A simple method is to collection source. You can also collect water in a bucket during the rainy season.

As time goes by, so does the world's water supply. Estimates of water use in 2000 confirmed that each day in America about 408 billion gallons of water were consumed. Conserving water while performing simple tasks such as bathing, watering the lawn and flushing the toilet are vital for our nation to avoid water shortages, which the Environmental Protection Agency expects thirty-six states to experience by 2013. In order to save water, municipal and agricultural water management strategies need to focus on either efficiencies, which is the minimization of the amount of water used for a task or function, or conservation, which is the reduction or elimination of water use. These water management strategies should concentrate on efficiencies rather than conservation because efficiencies guarantee lower water usage by reducing waste.


It is difficult to obtain water conservation without water efficiency. In 1926, Herbert Hoover said, "True conservation of water is not the prevention of its use. Every drop of water that runs to the sea without yielding its full commercial returns to the nation is an economic waste." With water efficiency, people are not required to stop using water, which is a basic necessity in life, to reduce waste. Through products like high-efficiency toilets, center-pivot sprinklers and water-efficient shower heads, people are able to save more money and energy and reduce waste and hassle while continuing routine water usage.


There are a wide variety of water efficient appliances that are capable of saving thousands of gallons each year. A water-efficient shower-head can save up to 750 gallons a month. An Energy Star model clothes washer can conserve up to twenty gallons per load, and also energy. If every American were willing to use these types of appliances, a drastic decrease in water usage could occur. Water efficiency practices can also be employed by simply turning off water while washing hands, hair and dishes until rinsing time, or by planting a desert landscape. Another way to ensure water efficiency would be to enforce leak detection programs that lessen the amount of water, energy and pressure required to deliver the same amount of water to consumers' taps. All of these products and methods adequately prove the effectiveness of water efficiency. 


A common perception about farmers is that they use too much water for their crops. About seven to ten million acre-feet of water was used for irrigation per year between 1986 and 2000. Eighty percent of water use in Texas comes from groundwater supplies. and existing ones are expected to decrease by 18% by 2050. In fact, the Ogallala Aquifer, which is a major source of irrigation for the Panhandle/South Plains region, is expected to decrease 24% by 2050. Improved irrigation technology allows farmers to produce commodities with a limited amount of water,which reduces water drawn from these aquifers. Some efficient water management practices for farming include soil moisture monitoring, accurate water measurement, and irrigation flow meters; which can calculate the efficiency of irrigation systems, identify leaks, and use weather conditions and soil moisture levels to determine the precise amount of water necessary. Other water efficiency methods that farmers could use to conserve water is to grade land with laser equipment, retain soil moisture through conservation tillage, and create furrow dikes to conserve rainwater. 


Granted, water conservation uses less or no water, while water efficiency better utilizes the volume of water used, but not necessarily uses less water. Yet it takes little or no inconvenience to achieve water efficiency, unlike water conservation. Typically, water conservation takes place during a water shortage, such as a drought. An example of an imposed regulated water conservation is the government minimizing the amount of water used for lawn care and automobile washing, punishing violators with fines. Although water conservation programs and campaigns may inspire or force some to limit water use, the majority of Americans are not willing to alter their lifestyles to conserve water. There are multiple techniques for preserving water, but there are many Americans unconcerned about them. This is why water efficiency is vital. It is an ensured and often inconspicuous way of conserving one of our land's most precious natural resources. 

As President Hoover once said, "True conservation of water is not the prevention of its use." The best way to accomplish this is through water efficiency, which will ultimately help our nation avoid water shortages. Water efficiency enables consumers to continue their lifestyles using less water and is a guaranteed way to ensure that less goes down the drain unused.