Explain HGP . Please send solution quickly and point wise (4M)

Dear student, Human Genome Project was a mega project of 13 years (1990-2003) by US Department of Energy and National Institute of Health. Techniques which were used in Human Genome Project were : PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction is a rapid in-vitro method for amplifying defined target DNA sequences. In HGP, it was used to create copies of DNA for introduction into E. coli and to amplify stretches of genetic material for Sanger sequencing. Sequence Annotation : This method involves sequencing the whole set of genome containing all the coding and non-coding sequences and then assigning functions to different regions in the sequence. To determine the order of nucleotide bases for sequencing, two most common and efficient methods used are- Maxam-Gilbert technique and Sanger sequencing method. Electrophoresis : Automated capillary electrophoresis was used to sequence 3 billion base pairs in HGP. BAC : It was used as a large insert cloning vector capable of handling large segments of cloned DNA i.e. 150 kb. Being 100,000-200,000 bp large, it helped in construction of genomic libraries. YAC : It allows cloning of fragments of foreign genomic DNA itself upto 500 kb in size. These are based on chromosomes unlike BAC. RFLP : Physical maps of DNA are required as a pre-requisite for sequencing. Mapping is done which involves dividing the chromosome into fragments that can be propagated and characterized. Genetic markers such as RFLP, VNTR are used. RFLP s reflect sequence differences in DNA sites that can be cleaved by restriction enzymes. thus the name- Restriction Fragment Legth Polymorphism. These fragments are then used in physical mapping. Expressed Sequence Tags (ESPs) : This method focuses on identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA. Applications of HGP are : Biotechnology In development of different therapies like Gene therapy and Stem-cell therapy. To determine function of different genes. By mapping genome of animals, production of healthy livestock can be increased. 2. Molecular Medicine HGP has helped to find the root cause of disease rather than just symptoms. New techniques have made the disease easier to diagnose and prescribe medication according to genetic defects. Genetic defects can be determined early during the embryonic stage. Therapeutic drugs and efficient drug delivery methods which target diseased cellls only have been made. 3. Energy source The use of microbial genomics research has helped in creating new resources with the help of bio fuels that builds on data and resources from HGP. it has also helped in producing sequence of genomes of bacteria useful in energy prodution, environmental remediation and waste reduction. 4. DNA Forensics It helps in identification of endangered and protected species thereby providing an aid to wildlife officials. In detection of bacteria and other organisms that may cause pollution and in turn harm environment. In identification of potential suspects of DNA with the evidence left at crime scenes by examining the DNA. 5. Further studies​ ; It has given new insights to researchers to know and assess health damage and risk posed by radiation exposure and cancer causing toxins.Regards