explain sporulation and fragmentation in detail ?

Sporulation is not usually a mechanism for reproduction. It is a mechanism that bacteria undergoes during unfavourable( lethal) conditions. The bacteria develops thick outer covering which can be single layered (cyst) or upto 4 layers around the bacteria (endospore) to protect a bacterium from heat, dryness, and excess radiation for a long time.e.g. Bacillus subtilis. The interior of a spore contains genetic material, cytoplasm, and the necessary enzymes and other materials to sustain activity but it occurs at an extremely slow rate. The bacterium does not grow in this stage. Sometimes the bacteria may divide internally into smaller bacteria but no growth and when the favorable conditions arise, the endospore ruptures and the bacteria are released which now retain their normal metabolic activity.

Fragmentation: Multicellular organisms with simple body organization e.g. filamentous algae Spirogyra breaks up into two or more small pieces or fragments upon maturation either by wave action (e.g. spores) or by death and decay of old parts. These fragments grow into new individuals. Similar type of asexual reproduction is shown by flatworms (Microstomum), sea anemones and echinoderms which upon fragmentation develop into new individuals.