Find out the location of the deposits of iron, alimunium and zinc in india?
IRON
India is one of the richest sources of iron ore deposits in the world. Iron ore, which is also known as hematite, occurs in abundance in the country. Iron ore reserves account for almost two-third of the entire iron ore reserves in India. Interestingly, India holds a leading position in the list of leading iron ore reserve countries. Moreover, the iron ore reserves are easily accessible and also high grade. They are also good for smelting as they are free from impurities like phosphorous and sulphur. Iron ore is vastly distributed throughout the country but its huge deposits are concentrated only in a few selected districts.
Of the total iron ore reserves in the country, Chikkamagaluru in Karnataka, Singhbhum in Jharkhand, Sundargarh and Kendujhar in Orissa, Bellary District, Shimoga and Goa accounts for a major portion. Further, in Bihar and Orissa, huge deposits of iron grade iron ore occur as huge masses that rise above the adjoining plains. Some of them are located within a close proximity to the coal fields. Iron ore generally occur near top of the hills and thus aerial roadways are used by the iron ore companies to bring down the ore and for pumping it directly into the railway carriages. Singhbhum district in Bihar and the neighbouring districts of Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh and Keonjhar constitute the richest high grade iron reserves.
In India, the chief mining centres are Sulaipat and Badampur in Mayurbhanj District in Orissa and Gua and Noamundi in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand. The iron ore from these mines is supplied to the iron and steel works located at Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Asansol and Raurkela. The Rajhara and Dhali Hills located south of Bhilai Steel Works are other major sources of iron ore with huge iron content. These hills provide iron ore to the Bhilai Steel Works. Moreover, apart from these places, there is a large high-grade iron ore deposit at Kemmangundi in the Bababudan Hills of Chikmagalur district in Karnataka. This deposit is used for supplying iron ore to steel plant located at Bhadravati.
Interestingly, iron ore found in Goa is basically of high grade and is situated in close proximity to the port of Marmagao. Rich deposits are also found in other areas of the country. Like for instance, eastern region of Madhya Pradesh and adjacent districts of Maharashtra, rich deposits of iron ore or hematite occur at a number of places. Hematite occurring in regions like Rowghat and Bailadila in Bastar District and Lohara and Pipalgaon in Chandrapur District are generally very large. After the iron belt of Orissa and Bihar, Bailadila and Rowghat constitute the richest high grade iron ore area.
Mining of iron ore on modern lines has been started in the country. Mines in different places have been made fully mechanized and also export oriented. The mines are fully equipped with modern machinery. Other areas with sizeable deposits of iron ore occur are the Salem and Ratnagiri districts Kudremukh in Chikkamagaluru district. These regions consist of low grade magnetite iron ore. Iron ore mines in Kudremukh hills are very developed. Few places in Andhra Pradesh like Kurnool and Anantapur districts and Palamau in Bihar also produce small proportion of iron ore. Production of iron ore in the country has also increased with the passage of time.
Aluminium
High grade bauxite is found in abundance in India. Bauxite is widely distributed as surface deposits in those areas where laterite soil is found. This mineral is the ore of aluminium metal that is used largely in the manufacture of special alloys, aluminium powder, utensils and electric cables. Aluminium alloys are used in the manufacture of automobile engines because of its light and tough. Bauxite is used in manufacture of cement and chemicals.
Bauxite is mined at several places in the country. The major deposits of bauxite are situated in Ranchi, Jamnagar, Jabalpur, Kohlapur and Shevaroy Hills. Apart from these areas, the other places where its chief deposits are found include Poonch and Riasi in Jammu and Kashmir, Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh and more. Moreover, in Kutch district in Gujarat too large deposits of Bauxite are found. Of late, deposits in Orissa have been developed and the biggest plant of its kind in Asia has been constructed to produce alumina and aluminium. It utilizes the latest French technology, which economizes on the use of electricity. Bauxite ore is exported to Japan and European countries. In Orissa, there are two very big high grade deposits of Bauxite. The first one at Panchpatmali is regarded as the largest in the country and the second one is at Gandhamardan bauxite deposit. Interestingly, production of bauxite is registered particularly in those regions that supply alumina plants with this ore.
Bauxite ore has benefited in importance because aluminium-a very light but exceedingly functional metal, is made from it. It is a must for aircraft engineering. It is now also being increasingly used in day-to-day life. But the manufacture of alumina and aluminium depends fundamentally on the handiness of cheap and ample generation of electricity. Bauxite deposits in India are extensively distributed. Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Bihar are the foremost states where bauxite reserves are predominately located. The total reserves are approximated to be more than 2462 million tonnes. Major reserves are centralized in East Coast Bauxite deposits of Orissa and northern Andhra Pradesh.
Aluminium is obtained from bauxite in two stages. In the first stage bauxite is refined and transformed into alumina by a chemical process and in the second stage aluminium metal is obtained by the electrolysis of alumina. Of the total bauxite produced in the country, the major portion is used for making aluminium metal. A small quantity of it is exported to other countries.
Zinc
Lead-Zinc deposits in India are localized mainly in the Precambrian formations of the Peninsular Shield and to a smaller extent in the lesser Himalayas. The important economically viable deposits are located in two main regions of India viz., Western Region and Southern Region with some scattered deposits in other parts such as North and Eastern Regions.
The Western Region comprises Rajasthan and Gujarat States. Copper-lead-zinc mineralization occurs as bi-and multi-metal deposits and 95% of National Ore Resource is confined to this region. There are two distinct metallogenic provinces; the north-eastern parts characterized by predominantly copper rich province, confined to the rocks of Delhi Supergroup, whereas in South Rajasthan and North Gujarat, the mineralization is chiefly lead-zinc ores with subordinate copper in the rocks of Pre- Aravalli, Aravalli and Delhi Supergroup