In the final formula of refraction through a spherical surface, while solving numericals, do we have to take -ve sign for object distance(u) or the signs are already included in the derived formula?

Dear Student,
Yes, while solving numericals on refraction through spherical surfaces or lenses it is important to use sign conventions to get down to correct results. In the derived formula, you have to put appropriate sign for all variables. According to the sign convention is the parameters measured along the direction in which light is travelling is positive. Object distance is always negative for real objects.

Regards
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