please provide me all the rules of direct and indirect speech?

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
When the actual words of the speaker are reproduced, it is called direct speech. Example: He said, ‘I am going to school.’
When the main idea of a speaker’s words is reported by another person and the exact words are not quoted, it is called indirect speech or reported speech. Example: He said that he was going to school.
• Quotation marks or ‘inverted commas’ are used for direct speech. Example: ‘I have cut my finger" cried Mrs Sharma. • Quotation marks are not used for indirect or reported speech. Example: Mrs Sharma cried that she had cut her finger. • Question marks and exclamation marks are not used in reported speech. Examples: ‘Is it bleeding very much?’ Mr Sharma asked. (direct) Mr Sharma asked if it was bleeding very much. (indirect) • In reported speech, the reporting verbs like asked/enquired, commanded/ ordered/requested, advised/suggested, exclaimed/shouted, etc are often used in place of the reporting verb ‘said’ to convey the mood of the spoken words. Examples:
• Quotation marks are not used for indirect or reported speech. Example: Mrs Sharma cried that she had cut her finger. • Question marks and exclamation marks are not used in reported speech. Examples: ‘Is it bleeding very much?’ Mr Sharma asked. (direct) Mr Sharma asked if it was bleeding very much. (indirect) • In reported speech, the reporting verbs like asked/enquired, commanded/ ordered/requested, advised/suggested, exclaimed/shouted, etc are often used in place of the reporting verb ‘said’ to convey the mood of the spoken words. Examples:
Ramesh said, ‘How hot the soup is!’ (direct) Ramesh exclaimed that the soup was hot. (indirect) ‘Stir it with your spoon,’ his sister said. (direct) His sister advised him to stir it with a spoon. (indirect) The son said to his mother, ‘I shall never be rude to you.’ (direct) The son promised his mother that he would never be rude to her. (indirect) ‘Why has the clock stopped?’ thought Peter. (direct) Peter wondered why the clock had stopped. (indirect) • The tense of the verb in the reported speech is in the past tense. However, if the verb in the reported speech is stating a universal truth, a habit, a constant situation, the tense of that verb does not change: Examples: The boy said, ‘I brush my teeth every day.’ (simple present tense) The boy said that he brushes his teeth every day. (simple present tense) 2 The teacher said, ‘The Sun rises in the east.’ (direct) The teacher said that the Sun rises in the east. (indirect) She said, ‘My son wants to be an actor.’ (direct) She said that her son wants to be an actor. (indirect) • In an indirect or reported question, the subject comes before the verb, not after it. You do not use the helping verb ‘do’ to form reported questions. Example: Paul said, ‘What time does the bus come?’ (direct) Paul asked what time the bus came. (indirect) Sarah said, ‘When does the show begin.’ (direct) Sarah asked when the show began. (indirect) • The pronouns are also changed in reported speech. Pronouns of the first person are changed as below: Examples: He said, ‘I am bored.’ (direct) He said that he was bored. (indirect) Mira said, ‘We are going to the movies.’ (direct) Mira said that they were going to the movies. (indirect) Rinki said, ‘My friends gave me a treat.’ (direct) Rinki said that her friends gave her a treat. (indirect) Pronouns of the second person are changed as below: Examples: He said to her, ‘You are beautiful.’ (direct) He said to her that she was beautiful. (indirect) ‘You must write neatly,’ the teacher told her pupils. (direct) The teacher advised her pupils that they must write neatly. (indirect) Pronouns of the third person do not change: Examples: I said, ‘They have gone out.’ (direct) I informed that they had gone out. (indirect) Leela said, ‘These books are theirs.’ (direct) Leela said that those books were theirs. (indirect) 3 • While converting direct speech into indirect speech, the tense of the verb must change accordingly: Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present — Simple past Simple past — Past perfect Present continuous — Past continuous Present perfect — Past perfect Can — Could Shall — Would Will — Would May — Might Examples: She said, ‘I may attend the meeting.’ (direct) She said that she might attend the meeting. (indirect) Renu said, ‘I have finished my homework.’ (direct) Renu said that she had finished her work. (indirect) • Words indicating ‘nearness’ of time and place are changed to words indicating ‘distance’ of time and place: Direct speech Indirect speech This — that These — those Here — there Now — then Today — that day Tomorrow — the next/following day Yesterday — the day before/the previous day Examples: The interviewer said to the young man, ‘We will let you know our decision by tomorrow.’ (direct) The interviewer said to the young man that they would let him know their decision by the next day. (indirect) 4 ‘These are the documents you will require,’ the travel agent informed the tourist. (direct) The travel agent informed the tourist that those were the documents she would require. (indirect) • When reporting a question, an order or a request, the connector ‘that’ is not used. Examples: The girl said, ‘May I come in?’ (direct) The girl asked if she could come in. (indirect) ‘Pay your taxes,’ the king ordered his subjects. (direct) The king ordered his subjects to pay their taxes. (indirect) • In reported speech, the word/words or the sound used by the speaker to express an emotion is omitted. Examples: ‘Wow! What a handsome man he is!’ the girls said. (direct) The girls exclaimed what a handsome man he was. (indirect) ‘Hello!’ my friend said to me. ‘How are you?’ (direct) My friend greeted me and asked how I was. (indirect)