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Solution 17. A few positively charged α– particles were deflected. The deflection showed that the positive charge of the atom is not spread throughout the atom. The positive charge is concentrated in a very small volume that repelled and deflected the positively charged α– particles. Most of the space in the atom is empty as most of the α–particles passed through the foil undeflected.

Hence, both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Solution 18. 

Humidity is measured by the amount of water vapour present in the air. The rate of evaporation decreases if the amount of water present in the air is already high. Therefore, clothes dry faster on sunny days than a humid days. The rate of evaporation is inversely proportional to humidity, therefore, the rate of evaporation increases if humidity is decreased.

Hence, the assertion is false but the reason is true.