they put the books on the table.

in the above sentence, how do we understand whether it is simple present or simple past?

Usually, a repetitive, routine action is expressed in simple present tense. For xample: The Sun rises in the East.

Otherwise, you can find out whether this particular action was done in the past or present only by studying other sentences around it. ('Put' does not change form in simple present and simple past with 'they'.)

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