Primary Rainbow

The primary rainbow forms between about 40° and 42° from the antisolar point. The light path involves refraction and a single reflection inside the water droplet. If the drops are large, 1 millimeter or more in diameter, red, green, and violet are bright but there is little blue. Such large droplets are suggested by the rainbow at right. As the droplets get smaller, red weakens. In fine mist, all colors except violet may disappear. Even finer fog droplets, smaller than 0.05 mm, produce the white rainbow or fog bow. Thesecondary rainbow involves two reflections inside the falling droplets.

Photo by Mary Lassiter, used by permission.

Rainbows are not seen in midday since the whole 42° circle is below the horizon at most latitudes. So rainbows tend to be seen most in the later afternoon when a thundershower has passed and the sun from the west is illuminating the receding edge of an eastwardly moving raincloud. It is possible to see the entire circle of the rainbow from an airplane since there can be falling droplets both above and below you.

Secondary Rainbow

The secondary rainbow is about 10° further out from the antisolar point than the pimary bow, is about twice as wide, and has its colors reversed.

According to Schaaf, the light of the secondary bow is one-tenth the intensity of that of the primary bow, given the same viewing conditions.

Photos by Mary Lassiter, used by permission. Note the reversal in the order of the colors in the secondary rainbow. These photos also show the increase in brightness inside the primary rainbow. The region between the two rainbows should be a bit darker than the sky just outside the secondary rainbow, but this is a smaller difference.