What is the processin which complex organic substances are heated in the absence of air to get simple volatile fractions ?

Destructive distillation.
Kindly refer to the answer posted by Soorya Rao.

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destructive distillation is the process of heating complex substance such as coal in a limited supply of air so that it breaks down to form simpler substances.in this process,coal is heated to 1000 degrees celcius in the absence of air to obtain different usefull component such as coke(not coca cola),coal tar and coal gas.sorry i bored you par kya karta ratta maara tha.
 
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