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why do some elements loss and gain electrons

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to complete there octate 
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It is so in order to complete their last shell as in the example of sodium there are total 11 electrons and the electric configuration is 2 in K shell , 8 in L shell and 1 in M shell . So in order to complete its last Orbit . It loses 1 electron . Similarly in the case of oxygen the electronic configuration is 2 in K shell and 6 in L shell , show it in order to complete its last Orbit it gains 2 electrons....

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Low ionization energy means that it easy to lose electrons. The elements on the left side lose their electrons fairly easily and the elements on the right side of the periodic table do not lose their electrons very easily. ... There is an abrupt drop in the ability to gain electrons when we get to the inert gasesLow ionization energy means that it easy to lose electrons. The elements on the left side lose their electrons fairly easily and the elements on the right side of the periodic table do not lose their electrons very easily. T here is an abrupt drop in the ability to gain electrons when we get to the inert gases
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