Write a short note on:-
1. Unification of Italy 
2. Origin of Great Britain
3. A new conservatism after 1815
4. unification of Germany
 

SOLUTION:

Answer for 1st and 2nd questions are as follows-

Answer 1- Unification of Italy 

• The Unification of Italy was a 19th century political and social movement that resulted in the unification of the different states of the Italian Peninsula, into a single state called the Kingdom of Italy. In the beginning of1840s, the unification was completed in 1871, the same year as the unification of Germany. 
• During the 1820s and 1830s, the movement for unification finally grew culminating in revolutions break out in many Italian states in 1848. Although the revolutions were suppressed, but it did little to stem the tide of revolutionary activities. Guiseppe Garibaldi, a revolutionary emerged as the face of Italian unification during this period.
• Guiseppe Garibaldi lended his support to King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, he returned to Italy in 1860 bringing with him an army consisting of volunteers from Sicily and Naples. Then in 1858, Victor Emanuel, along with other northern Italian states, had allied with France to permanently end Austrian involvement in the region. 
• Garibaldi handed Naples and Sicily to him in November 1860 and by the year 1861 Italy was declared as a kingdom. Only Venice and Rome would remain under foreign control and they became a part of Italy in 1866 and 1871 respectively. Thus, the Unification of Italy was completed in the year 1871. 

Answer 2 - Origin of Great Britain

• In Britain, the formation of Nation state was not the  outcome  of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of long drawn process.
•  There was no British nation prior to 18^th century. The  identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were woven into separate ethnic groups  such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish
• All of these ethnic groups possessed  their own traditions and culture. As the English nation grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands
• The English Parliament which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of protracted conflict  became an instrument  through which a nation – state with England at its centre came into form.
• The Act of Union (1707) between Scotland and England that resulted in the formation of ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant that in effect England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
• Scotland and Ireland were incorporated with United Kingdom and a new ‘British nation’ was formed through the propagation of English culture.
• The symbols of New Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the National Anthem, the English language – were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

Kindly post rest of the questions in different threads for rapid assistance.