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 Child labour is the worst from of child exploitation. It is widespread all over the world. About seventy-three million children belonging to the age group of ten to fourteen years are engaged in child labourall over the globe. Illiteracy of the parents, large families, need of additional income and poverty are the chief causes of the exploitation of child labour. Parents are indirectly responsible for this. Childhood is the foundation of one’s career. At this stage, children should be sent to schools, not to work. Child labour lowers the wage rates of adult labourers. Employers exploit children due to their docile nature and their willingness to do monotonous jobs. They face health problems. Several programmes have been undertaken both at the national and international level to check and stop this practice. The people should also help the government in its efforts to tackle this problem.

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Over the past two decades India has put in place a range of laws and programmes to address the problem of child labour. UNICEF and its India partners are working together to ensure that children are protected from work and exploitation which is harmful to their development They are working to ensure that children remain in economically stable family homes and get the opportunity to go to school and be educated. Child labour cannot be dealt with in isolation. It is intrinsically linked to socio-economic factors. More specifically, UNICEF has also initiated work with employers and the private sector to assess and address the impact of their supply chain and business practices on children. 

The causes and nature of child labour

The factors that contribute to child labour – including “hazardous” child labour  –include the poverty and illiteracy of a child’s parents, the family’s social and economic circumstances, a lack of awareness about the harmful effects of child labour, lack of access to basic and meaningful quality education and skills training, high rates of adult unemployment and under-employment, and the cultural values of the family and surrounding society.

Often children are also bonded to labour due to a family indebtedness. Out of school children (OOSC) or those children at risk of dropping out can easily be drawn into work and a more vulnerable to exploitation. Girls, especially those from socially disadvantaged groups, tend to be at a higher risk of being forced into work.

Other reasons for children being forced into work:

·         Poverty and a lack of livelihood options lead to a child’s “need” to contribute to the family income,

·         Due to conflicts, droughts and other natural disasters, and family indebtedness,

·         Rural poverty and urban migration also often exposes children to being trafficked for work.

 

Children are employed because they are cheap and pliable to the demands of the employer and not aware of their rights. The risks that these children face can have an irreversible physical, psychological and moral impact on their development, health and wellbeing.

Types of child labour: A recent change

The types of child labour have changed in recent years due to enforcement of legislation, awareness amongst buyers about child exploitation, and international pressure. Child labour is now more invisible because the location of the work has changed from the more formal setting of factories, to business owners’ homes. There has also been an increasing involvement of children in the home-based and informal sectors.

Children are engaged in manual work, in domestic work in family homes, in rural labour in the agricultural sector including cotton growing, at glass, match box and brass and lock-making factories, in embroidery, rag-picking, beedi-rolling, in the carpet-making industry, in mining and stone quarrying, brick kilns and tea gardens amongst others.

Work is often gender-specific, with girls performing more domestic and home-based work, while boys are more often employed in wage labour. In general, the workload and duration of the working hours increases as children grow older. Getting accurate, detailed information about children working in different sectors is a major challenge because, in many cases, children work in informal sectors such as agriculture, and in urban settings in restaurants, motor repair workshops and in home-based industries.

Challenges to ending child labour

Child labour is not uniform. It takes many forms depending upon the type of work that children are made to do, the age and sex of the child and whether they work independently or with families. Due to this complex nature of child labour, there is no one strategy that can be used to eliminate it.

Combatting child labour requires long term co-ordinated action which involves many stakeholders and the government. This includes educational institutions, mass media, NGOs and community-based organizations as well as trade unions and employers. It is important that the attitudes and mindsets of people are changed to instead employ adults and allow all children to go to school and have the chance to learn, play and socialize as they should.

Education is a key to preventing child labour and has been one of the most successful methods to reduce child workers in India. This includes expanding education access to schooling, improving the quality and relevance of education, addressing violence in schools, providing relevant vocational training and using existing systems to ensure child workers return to school.

 

Big Picture

India’s 2011 census showed that:

·         There were more than 10.2 million “economically active” children in the age group of five to 14 years – 5.6 million boys and 4.5 million girls,

·         Eight million children were working in rural areas, and 2 million in urban areas,

·         Although in rural settings the number of child workers reduced from 11 million to 8 million between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, over the same period, the number of children working in urban settings rose from 1.3 million to 2 million,

THE POLICY FRAMEWORK SURROUNDING CHILD LABOUR

The key international laws dealing with child labour include the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 (CRC) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment of 1973 (ILO Convention138) and on the Worst Forms of Child Labour of 1999 (ILO Convention182).

India has not ratified either of the two ILO conventions and also made a reservation to article 32 of the CRC at the time of ratification stating that it would apply the article in a progressive manner, according to its national legislation and international commitments, especially in relation to the minimum age.

Related national legislations:

·         Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act (1986), “to prohibit the engagement of children in certain employments and to regulate the conditions of work of children in certain other employments” (preamble of the CLPR Act). It excludes a section of toiling children in the unorganized sectors including agriculture, as well as household work.

·         National Policy on Child Labour (1987), with a focus more on rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations and processes, rather than on prevention.

·         Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 (the JJ Act) and amendment of the JJ Act in 2006: includes the working child in the category of children in need of care and protection, without any limitation of age or type of occupation. Section 23 (cruelty to Juvenile) and Section 26 (exploitation of juvenile employee) specifically deal with child labour under children in need of care and protection.

·         The Right to Education Act 2009 has made it mandatory for the state to ensure that all children aged six to 14 years are in school and receive free education. Along with Article 21A of the Constitution of India recognizing education as a fundamental right, this constitutes a timely opportunity to use education to combat child labour in India.

 

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Illiteracy of the parents, large families, need of additional income and poverty are the chief causes of the exploitation of?child labour. Parents are indirectly responsible for this. Childhood is the?foundation?of one?s career. At this stage, children should be sent to schools, not to work.?Child labour?lowers the wage rates of adult labourers. Employers exploit children due to their docile nature and their willingness to do monotonous jobs. They face health problems. Several programmes have been undertaken both at the national and international level to check and stop this practice. The people should also help the government in its efforts to tackle this problem.The factors that contribute to child labour ? including ?hazardous??child labour ??include the poverty and illiteracy of a child?s parents, the family?s social and economic circumstances, a lack of awareness about the harmful effects of child labour, lack of access to basic and meaningful quality education and skills training, high rates of adult unemployment and under-employment, and the cultural values of the family and surrounding society.
Often children are also bonded to labour due to a family indebtedness. Out of school children (OOSC) or those children at risk of dropping out can easily be drawn into work and a more vulnerable to exploitation. Girls, especially those from socially disadvantaged groups, tend to be at a higher risk of being forced into work.
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?Child labour?is the worst from of child exploitation. It is widespread all over the world. About seventy-three million children belonging to the age group of ten to fourteen years are engaged in?child labourall over the globe. Illiteracy of the parents, large families, need of additional income and poverty are the chief causes of the exploitation of?child labour. Parents are indirectly responsible for this. Childhood is the?foundation?of one?s career. At this stage, children should be sent to schools, not to work.?Child labour?lowers the wage rates of adult labourers. Employers exploit children due to their docile nature and their willingness to do monotonous jobs. They face health problems. Several programmes have been undertaken both at the national and international level to check and stop this practice. The people should also help the government in its efforts to tackle this problem.
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Child labour was utilized to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the advent of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights.

In many developed countries, it is considered inappropriate or exploitative if a child below a certain age works (excluding household chores or school-related work).[2] An employer is usually not permitted to hire a child below a certain minimum age. This minimum age depends on the country and the type of work involved. States ratifying the Minimum Age Convention adopted by the International Labour Organization in 1973, have adopted minimum ages varying from 14 to 16. Child labor laws in the United States set the minimum age to work in an establishment without restrictions and without parents' consent at age 16.
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 Child labour is the worst from of child exploitation. It is widespread all over the world. About seventy-three million children belonging to the age group of ten to fourteen years are engaged in child labourall over the globe. Illiteracy of the parents, large families, need of additional income and poverty are the chief causes of the exploitation of child labour. Parents are indirectly responsible for this. Childhood is the foundation of one’s career. At this stage, children should be sent to schools, not to work. Child labour lowers the wage rates of adult labourers. Employers exploit children due to their docile nature and their willingness to do monotonous jobs. They face health problems. Several programmes have been undertaken both at the national and international level to check and stop this practice. The people should also help the government in its efforts to tackle this problem.
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