NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Humanities Economics Chapter 7 Correlation are provided here with simple step-by-step explanations. These solutions for Correlation are extremely popular among class 11 Humanities students for Economics Correlation Solutions come handy for quickly completing your homework and preparing for exams. All questions and answers from the NCERT Book of class 11 Humanities Economics Chapter 7 are provided here for you for free. You will also love the ad-free experience on Meritnation’s NCERT Solutions. All NCERT Solutions for class 11 Humanities Economics are prepared by experts and are 100% accurate.

Page No 105:

Question 1:

The unit of correlation coefficient between height in feet and weight in kgs is

(i) kg/feet

(ii) percentage

(iii) non-existent

Answer:

As there is non-existent of correlation between the height in feet and weight in kilograms, so the unit of correlation between the two is zero.

Page No 105:

Question 2:

The range of simple correlation coefficient is

(i) 0 to infinity

(ii) minus one to plus one

(iii) minus infinity to infinity

Answer:

The range of simple correlation coefficient is from (–) 1 to (+) 1

Page No 105:

Question 3:

If rxy is positive the relation between X and Y is of the type 

(i) When Y increases X increases

(ii) When Y decreases X increases

(iii) When Y increases X does not change

Answer:

When the variables Y and X share positive relationship (i.e. when Y and X both increases simultaneously), then the value of rxy is positive. 

Page No 105:

Question 4:

If rxy = 0 the variable X and Y are

(i) linearly related

(ii) not linearly related

(iii) independent

Answer:

The value of rxybecomes 0 when the two variables are not linearly related to each other. It may happen that both the variables may be non-linearly related to each other. It does not necessarily imply that both are independent of each other.

Page No 105:

Question 5:

Of the following three measures which can measure any type of relationship

(i) Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation

(ii) Spearman’s rank correlation

(iii) Scatter diagram

Answer:

Scatter diagram can measure any type of relationship whether the variables are highly related or not at all related. Just by looking at the diagram, the viewer can easily conclude the relationship between the two variables involved. On the other hand, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is not suitable for the series where deviations are calculated from assumed mean. Likewise, Spearman’s rank correlation also disqualifies to measure any kind of relationship as its domain is restricted only to the qualitative variables (leaving quantitative variables). 

Page No 105:

Question 6:

If precisely measured data are available the simple correlation coefficient is

(i) more accurate than rank correlation coefficient

(ii) less accurate than rank correlation coefficient

(iii) as accurate as the rank correlation coefficient

Answer:

Generally, all the properties of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation are similar to that of the rank correlation coefficient. However, rank correlation coefficient is generally lower or equal to Karl Pearson’s coefficient. The reason for this difference between the two coefficients is because the rank correlation coefficient uses ranks instead of the full set of observations that leads to some loss of information. If the precisely measured data are available, then both the coefficients will be identical. 

Page No 105:

Question 7:

Why is r preferred to covariance as a measure of association?

Answer:

Although correlation coefficient is similar to the covariance in a manner that both measure the degree of linear relationship between two variables, but the former is generally preferred to covariance due to the following reasons.

1. The value of the correlation coefficient (r) lies between 0 and 1. Symbolically –1 ≤ r ≤ +1

2. The correlation coefficient is scale free.

Page No 105:

Question 8:

Can r lie outside the –1 and 1 range depending on the type of data?

Answer:

No, the value of r cannot lie outside the range of –1 to 1. If r = – 1, then there exists perfect negative correlation and if r = 1, then there exists perfect positive correlation between the two variables. If at any point of time the calculated value of r is outside this range, then there must be some mistake committed in the calculation. 

Page No 105:

Question 9:

Does correlation imply causation?

Answer:

No, correlation does not imply causation. The correlation between the two variables does not imply that one variable causes the other. In other words, cause and effect relationship is not a prerequisite for the correlation. Correlation only measures the degree and intensity of the relationship between the two variables, but surely not the cause and effect relationship between them.

Page No 105:

Question 10:

When is rank correlation more precise than simple correlation coefficient?

Answer:

Rank Correlation method is more precise than simple correlation coefficient when the variables cannot be measured quantitatively. In other words, rank correlation method measures the correlation between the two qualitative variables. These variable attributes are given the ranks on the basis of preferences. For example, selecting the best candidate in a dance competition depends on the ranks and preferences awarded to him/her by the judges. Secondly, the rank correlation method is preferred over the simple correlation coefficient when extreme values are present in the data. In such case using simple correlation coefficient may be misleading.

Page No 105:

Question 11:

Does zero correlation mean independence?

Answer:

Correlation measures the linear relationship between the two variables. So, r being 0 implies the absence of linear relationship. But they may be non-linearly related. Hence, if two variables are not correlated, it does not necessarily follow that they are independent.

Page No 105:

Question 12:

Can simple correlation coefficient measure any type of relationship?

Answer:

No, the simple correlation coefficient cannot measure any type of relationship. The simple correlation coefficient can measure only the direction and magnitude of linear relationship between the two variables. It cannot measure non-linear relationship like quadratic, trigonometric, cubic, etc. Therefore, in such cases, the purview of simple correlation coefficient falls short. For example, the simple correlation coefficient may depict that X and Y are not correlated in the equation X= Y2, hence it may be concluded that both the variables are independent, but such conclusion may be wrong.

Page No 105:

Question 13:

Collect the price of five vegetables from your local market every day for a week. Calculate their correlation coefficients. Interpret the result.

Answer:

This question is about multivariate correlation that is out of syllabus

Page No 105:

Question 14:

Measure the height of your classmates. Ask them the height of their benchmate. Calculate the correlation coefficient of these two variables. Interpret the result.

Answer:

Height of Classmate

X

Height of Benchmate

Y

67

65

56

66

65

57

68

67

72

68

72

69

69

70

71

72

 

X

Y

XY

X2

Y2

67

65

4355

4489

4225

56

66

3696

3136

4356

65

57

3705

4225

3249

68

67

4556

4624

4489

72

68

4896

5184

4624

72

69

4968

5184

4761

69

70

4830

4761

4900

71

72

5112

5041

5184

 



Page No 106:

Question 15:

List some variables where accurate measurement is difficult.

Answer:

The following are the some variables where the accurate measurement is difficult.

1. Temperature and number of people falling ill.

2. Change in temperature with the height of mountain.

3. Low rainfall and agricultural productivity

4. High population growth and degree of poverty

5. Number of tourists and change in the political atmosphere in India.

Page No 106:

Question 16:

Interpret the values of r as 1, –1 and 0.

Answer:

The value of r being 1 implies that there is a perfect positive correlation between the two variables involved. A high value of r (i.e. close to 1) represents a strong positive linear relationship between the two variables.

If r = –1, then the correlation is perfectly negative. A negative value of r indicates an inverse relation. A low value of r (i.e. close to –1) represents a strong negative linear relationship between the variables. On the other hand, if the value of r = 0, then it implies that the two variables are uncorrelated to each other. But this should not be misunderstood as the variables are independent of each other. The value of r equals zero confirms only the non-existence of any linear relation but the variables may be non-linearly related to each other. 

Page No 106:

Question 17:

Why does rank correlation coefficient differ from Pearsonian correlation coefficient?

Answer:

Generally, all the properties of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation are similar to that of the rank correlation coefficient. However, rank correlation coefficient is generally lower or equal to Karl Pearson’s coefficient. Rank correlation coefficient is generally preferred to measure the correlation between the two qualitative variables. These variable attributes are given the ranks on the basis of preferences. The difference between the two coefficients is due to the fact that the rank correlation coefficient uses ranks instead of the full set of observations that leads to some loss of information. If the precisely measured data are available, then both the coefficients will be identical. Secondly, if extreme values are present in the data, then the rank correlation coefficient is more precise and reliable and consequently its value differs from that of the Karl Pearson’s coefficient. 

Page No 106:

Question 18:

Calculate the correlation coefficient between the heights of fathers in inches (X) and their sons (Y)
 
X
65
66
57
67
68
69
70
72
Y
67
56
65
68
72
72
69
71

Answer:

X

Y

XY

X2

Y2

65

67

4355

4225

4489

66

56

3696

4356

3136

57

65

3705

3249

4225

67

68

4556

4489

4624

68

72

4896

4624

5184

69

72

4968

4761

5184

70

69

4830

4900

4761

72

71

5112

5184

5041

 



Note: As per textbook, correlation coefficient is 0.603. However, as per the above solution, correlation coefficient should be 0.44.

Page No 106:

Question 19:

Calculate the correlation coefficient between X and Y and comment on their relationship:

X

–3

–2

–1

1

2

3

Y

9

4

1

1

4

9

 

Answer:

X

Y

XY

X2

Y2

–3

9

–27

9

81

–2

4

–8

4

16

–1

1

–1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

4

8

4

16

3

9

27

9

81

 

As the value of r is zero, so there is no linear correlation between X and Y

Page No 106:

Question 20:

Calculate the correlation coefficient between X and Y and comment on their relationship

X

1

3

4

5

7

8

Y

2

6

8

10

14

16

 

Answer:

X

Y

XY

X2

Y2

1

2

2

1

4

3

6

18

9

36

4

8

32

16

64

5

10

50

25

100

7

14

98

49

196

8

16

128

64

256

 

 

As the correlation coefficient between the two variables is +1, so the two variables are perfectly positive correlated.



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