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Page No 184:

Question 1:

List the techniques of Financial Statement Analysis.

Answer:

The following are the commonly used techniques of Financial Statement analysis :

1.   Comparative Financial Statements

2.   Common Size Financial Statements

3.   Trend Analysis

4.   Ratio Analysis

5.   Cash Flow Statement

6.   Fund Flow Statement

 

The above listed techniques can be classified on the following basis:

A. On the basis of Comparison

      1.   Inter-firm Comparison

            a) Comparative Statement (Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Account)

            b) Common size Statement (of the same period)

            c) Ratio of two or more Competitive Firms (of the same period)

            d) Cash Flow Statement of two or more Competitive firms

            e) Polygon, Bar Diagram

      2.   Intra-firm Comparison

            a) Comparative Statement (Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Account)

            b) Common size Statement (of the same period)

            c) Ratio of two or more Competitive Firms (of the same period)

            d) Cash Flow Statement of two or more Competitive firms

            e) Polygon, Bar Diagram

      3.   Horizontal Comparison

      4.   Vertical Comparison

 

B. On the basis of Time

      1.   Inter-period Comparison

            a) Comparative statement (two or more periods)

            b) Cash Flow statement (two or more period) etc.

      2. Cross Sectional (Intra-period) Comparison

            a) Common size statement

            b) Ratio Analysis

 

C. Horizontal Analysis

      1.   Time series

      2.   Bar Diagram

      3.   Polygon

      4.   Comparative statement

      5.   Ratio Analysis

 

D. Vertical Analysis

      1.   Common size statement

      2.   Pie Diagram

 

 

Page No 184:

Question 2:

Distinguish between Vertical and Horizontal Analysis of financial data.

Answer:

 

Basis of Difference

Horizontal Analysis

Vertical Analysis

Meaning

It refers to the comparison of an item of the financial statement of one period or periods to its corresponding item of the base accounting period.

It refers to the comparison of itemitems of the financial statement to the common item of the same accounting period.

Purpose

Its purpose is to determine the change in an item during an accounting period. The change in the item is expressed either in absolute figures or in percentage or in both terms.

Its purpose is to determine the proportion of item/items to the common item of the same accounting period. The change in the item is expressed either in ratio or in percentage terms.

Usefulness

It indicates growth or decline of the item.

It helps in predicting and determining the future relative proportion of an item to the common item.

Page No 184:

Question 3:

State the meaning of Analysis and Interpretation.

Answer:

Analysis and Interpretation refers to a systematic and critical examination of the financial statements. It not only establishes cause and effect relationship among the various items of the financial statements but also presents the financial data in a proper manner. The main purpose of Analysis and Interpretation is to present the financial data in such a manner that is easily understandable and self explanatory. This not only helps the accounting users to assess the financial performance of the business over a period of time but also enables them in decision making and policy and financial designing process.

 

Country Man Ltd Comparative statement as on March 31, 2010 and 2011

 

Particular

2009–10

2010–11

Absolute

Change

% Change

Sales

1,00,000

1,50,000

50,000

50

Less: Cost of Goods Sold

60,000

78,000

18,000

30

Gross Profit

40,000

72,000

32,000

80

Less: Operating Expenses:

 

 

 

 

Office and Administrative Exp.

8,000

10,000

2,000

25

Selling and Distribution Exp.

5,000

6,000

1,000

20

Operating Profit

27,000

56,000

29,000

107.4

Add: Other Income

3,000

4,800

1,800

60

Less: Non-operating Expenses

4,000

4,800

800

20

Profit Before Interest and Tax

26,000

56,000

30,000

115.38

Interest

2,000

1,800

(200)

(10)

Profit before Tax

24,000

54,200

30,200

125.83

Less: 50% Income Tax

12,000

27,100

15,100

125.83

 

12,000

27,100

15,100

125.83

 

 

Interpretation:

1. Sales of the company have increased by 50% during the year 2010−11 whereas the cost of goods sold has also increased but at a lesser rate. From this, we can infer that the company has followed an efficient sales strategy consequent of which the gross profit of the company has increased by 80% compared to the previous year (2009-10).

2. In 2010−11, operating expenses have also increased but on the contrary operating profit has increased at a higher rate than the rate of operating expenses.

3. Profit before interest and tax has also increased by 115.38% during these two years. This indicates the improvement in the operating efficiency of the company.

Page No 184:

Question 4:

State the importance of Financial Analysis?

Answer:

Financial Analysis has great importance to various accounting users on various matters. Income Statements, Balance Sheets and other financial data provides information about expenses and sources of income, profit or loss and also helps in assessing the financial position of a business. These financial data are not useful until they are analysed. There are various tools and methods such as Ratio Analysis, Cash Flow Statements that make the financial data to cater varying needs of various accounting users.

The following are the reasons that advocate in favour of Financial Analysis:

1. It helps in evaluating the profit earning capacity and financial feasibility of a business.

2. It helps in assessing the long-term solvency of the business.

3. It helps in evaluating the relative financial status of a firm in comparison to other competitive firms.

4. It assists management in decision making process, drafting various plans and also in establishing an effective controlling system.

Page No 184:

Question 5:

What are Comparative Financial Statements?

Answer:

Those financial statements that enable intra-firm and inter-firm comparisons of financial statements over a period of time are called Comparative Financial Statements. In other words, these statements help the accounting users to evaluate and assess the financial progress in the relative terms. These statements express the absolute figures, absolute change and the percentage change in the financial items over a period of time. Comparative Financial Statements present the financial data in such a manner that is easily understandable and can be analysed without any ambiguity. If the accounting policies and practices for the treatment of the items are same over the period of study, only then the Comparative Financial Statements enable meaningful comparisons.

The following are the two Comparative Financial Statements that are commonly prepared:

1. Comparative Balance Sheet

2. Comparative Income Statements

Page No 184:

Question 6:

What do you mean by Common Size Statements?

Answer:

These statements depict the relationship between various items of financial statements and some common items (like Net Sales and the Total of Balance Sheet) in percentage terms. In other words, various items of Trading and Profit and Loss Account such as Cost of Goods Sold, Non-Operating Incomes and Expenses are expressed in terms of percentage of Net Sales. On the other hand, different items of Balance Sheet such as Fixed Assets, Current Assets, Share Capital etc. are expressed in terms of percentage of Total of Balance Sheet. These percentage figures are easily comparable with that of the previous years’ (i.e. inter-firm comparison) and with that of the figures of other firms in the same industry (i.e. inter-firm comparison) as well.

The analyses based on these statements are commonly known as Vertical Analysis.

The following are commonly prepared Common Size Statements.

1. Common Size Balance Sheet

2. Common Size Income Statements

Page No 184:

Question 1:

Describe the different techniques of financial analysis and explain the limitations of financial analysis.

Answer:

The various techniques used in financial analysis are as follows:

1. Comparative Statements: These statements depict the figures of two or more accounting years simultaneously that help to access the profitability and financial position of a business. The Comparative Statements help us in analysing the trend of the financial position of the business. These statements also enable us to undertake various types of comparisons like inter-firm comparisons and intra-firm comparisons. It presents the change in the financial items both in absolute as well as percentage terms. Therefore, these statements help in measuring the efficiency of the business in relative terms. The analyses based on these statements are known as Horizontal Analysis.

2. Common Size Statements: These statements depict the relationship between various items of financial statements and some common items (like Net Sales and the Total of Balance Sheet) in percentage terms. In other words, various items of Trading and Profit and Loss Account such as Cost of Goods Sold, Non-Operating Incomes and Expenses are expressed in terms of percentage of Net Sales. On the other hand, different items of Balance Sheet such as Fixed Assets, Current Assets, Share Capital, etc. are expressed in terms of percentage of Total of Balance Sheet. These percentage figures are easily comparable with that of the previous years’ (i.e. inter-firm comparison) and with that of the figures of other firms in the same industry (i.e. inter-firm comparison) as well. The analyses based on these statements are commonly known as Vertical Analysis.

3. Trend Analysis: This analysis undertakes the study of trend in the financial positions and the operating performance of a business over a series of successive years. In this technique, a particular year is assumed to be the base year and the figures of all other years are expressed in percentage terms of the base year’s figures. These trends (or the percentage figures) not only helps in assessing the operational efficiency and the financial position of the business but also helps in detecting the problems and inefficiencies.

4. Ratio Analysis: This technique depicts the relationship between various items of Balance Sheet and the Income Statements. It helps in ascertaining the profitability, operational efficiency, solvency, etc of a firm. The analysis expresses financial items in terms of percentage, fraction, proportion and as number of times. It enables budgetary controls by assessing the qualitative relationship among different financial variables. This analysis provides vital information to different accounting users regarding the financial position, viability and performance of a firm. It also facilitates decision making and policy designing process.

5. Cash Flow Analysis: This analysis is presented in the form of a statement showing inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents from operating, investing and financing activities of a company during a particular period of time. It helps in analysing the reasons of receipts and payments in cash and change in the cash balances during an accounting year in a company.

Limitations of Financial Analysis

The limitations of Financial Analysis are :

1. Ignores Changes in the Price level

The financial analysis fails to capture the change in price level. The figures of different years are taken on nominal values and not in real terms (i.e. not taking price change into considerations).

2. Misleading and Wrong Information

The financial analysis fails to reveal the change in the accounting procedures and practices. Consequently they may provide wrong and misleading information.

3. Interim and Final Picture

The financial analysis presents only the interim report and thereby provides incomplete information. They fail to provide the final and holistic picture.

4. Ignores Qualitative and Non-monetary Aspects

The financial analysis reveals only the monetary aspects. In other words, these analyses consider only that information that can be expressed only in monetary terms. These analyses fail to disclose managerial efficiency, growth prospects, and other non-operational efficiency of a business.

5. Accounting Concepts and Conventions

The financial analysis are based an accounting concepts and conventions. Therefore, the analysis and conclusions based on such analyses may not be reliable. For example, the analysis considers only the book-value of various items (i.e. according to the Going Concept) and consequently ignores the present market value of those items. Hence, the analysis may not be realistic.

6. Involves Personal Biasness

The financial analysis reflects the personal biasness and personal value judgments of the accountants and clerks involved. There are different techniques used by different personnel for charging depreciation (original cost or written-down value method) and also for inventory valuation. The use of different techniques by different people reduces the effectiveness of the financial analysis.

7. Unsuitable for Comparisons

Due to the involvement of personal value judgment, personal biasness and use of different techniques by different accountant, various types of comparisons such as inter-firm and intra-firm comparisons may not be possible and reliable.

Page No 184:

Question 2:

Explain the usefulness of trend percentages in interpretation of financial performance of a company.

Answer:

The Trend Analysis presents each financial item in percentage terms for each year. These Trend Analyses not only help the accounting users to assess the financial performance of the business but also assist them to form an opinion about various tendencies and predict the future trend of the business.

Usefulness and Importance of Trend Analysis

The following are the various importance of Trend Analysis:

1. Assists in forecasting

The trends provided by Trend Analysis help the accounting users to forecast the future trend of the business.

2. Percentage Terms

The trends are expressed in percentage terms. Analysing the percentage figures is easy and also less time consuming.

3. User Friendly

As the trends are expressed in percentage figures, so it is the most popular financial analysis to analyse the financial performance and operational efficiency of the company. In other words, one need not to have an in-depth and sophisticated knowledge of accounting in order to analyse these percentage trends.

4. Presents a Broader Picture

The trend analysis presents a broader picture about the financial performance, viability and operational efficiency of a business. Generally, companies prefer to present their financial data for a period of 5 or 10 years in forms of percentage trends, whereas the other techniques of Financial Analysis lack this popularity.

Page No 184:

Question 3:

What is the importance of comparative statements? Illustrate your answer with particular reference to comparative income statement.

Answer:

The following are the importance of Comparative Statements.

1. Simple Presentation

The Comparative Statements present the financial data in a simpler form. Moreover, the year-wise data of the same items are presented side-by-side, which not only makes the presentation clear but also enables easy comparisons (both intra-firm and inter-firm) conclusive.

2. Easy for Drawing Conclusion

The presentation of comparative statement is so effective that it enables the analyst to draw conclusion quickly and easily and that too without any ambiguity

3. Easy to Forecast

The comparative analysis of profitability and operational efficiency of a business over a period of time helps in analysing the trend and also assists the management to forecast and draft various future plans and policy measures accordingly.

4. Easy Detection of Problems

By comparing the financial data of two or more years, the financial management can easily detect the problems. While comparing the data, some items may have increased while others have decreased or remained constant. The comparative analysis not only enables the management in locating the problems but also helps them to put various budgetary controls and corrective measures to check whether the current performance is aligned with that of the planned targets.

Page No 184:

Question 4:

What do you understand by analysis and interpretation of financial statements? Discuss its importance.

Answer:

Financial Analysis has great importance to various accounting users on various matters. Income Statements, Balance Sheets and other financial data provide information about expenses and sources of income, profit or loss and also helps in assessing the financial position of a business. These financial data are not useful until they are analysed. There are various tools and methods such as Ratio Analysis, Cash Flow Statements that make the financial data to cater varying needs of various accounting users.

The following are the reasons that advocate in favour of Financial Analysis:

1. It helps in evaluating the profit earning capacity and financial feasibility of a business.

2. It helps in assessing the long-term solvency of the business.

3. It helps in evaluating the relative financial status of a firm in comparison to other competitive firms.

4. It assists management in decision making process, drafting various plans and also in establishing an effective controlling system.

Page No 184:

Question 5:

Explain how common size statements are prepared giving an example.

Answer:

The two Common Size Statements that are most commonly prepared are as follows.

1. Common Size Balance Sheet

2. Common Size Income Statements

 

Common Size Statement is prepared in a columnar form for analysis. In a Common Size Statement each item of the financial statements is compared to a common item. The analyses based on these statements are commonly known as Vertical Analysis.

 

The following are the columns prepared in a Common Size Statement.

1. Particulars Column: This column shows the various financial items under their respective heads.

2. Amount Columns: These columns depict the amount of each item, sub-totals and the gross total of a particular year.

3. Percentage or Ratio Columns: These columns show the proportion of each item to the common item either in terms of percentage or ratio.

 

The Common Size Statements can be presented in the following two ways.

 

Method 1

 

1. Percentage Column is shown beside the Amount Column of the year to which percentage column belongs.

 

Particulars

Year (2007)

Rs

%

Year (2006)

Rs

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Method 2

 

Amount Columns are shown first and their percentage columns are shown  after the Amount Columns.

 

Particulars

Year (2007)

Rs

Year (2008)

Rs

% 2007

% 2008

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The preparation of the Common Size Statements can be better understood by the help of the following example.

 

Particulars

Note No.

2012

2013

I. Equity and Liabilities

 

 

 

1. Shareholders’ Funds

 

 

 

(a) Equity Share Capital

 

4,00,000

6,00,000

(b) Reserves and Surplus

 

1,00,000

1,50,000

2. Non-Current Liabilities

 

 

 

(a) Long-Term Borrowings

 

3,00,000

3,20,000

3. Current Liabilities

 

 

 

(a) Trade Payables

 

2,00,000

2,50,000

Total

 

10,00,000

13,20,000

 

 

 

 

II. Assets

 

 

 

1. Non-Current Assets

 

 

 

(a) Fixed Assets

 

 

 

(i) Tangible Assets

 

5,00,000

6,75,000

(ii) Intangible Assets

 

1,00,000

1,20,000

(b) Non-Current Investments

 

1,50,000

2,00,000

2. Current Assets

 

2,50,000

3,25,000

Total

 

10,00,000

13,20,000

 

 

 

 

 

 

Common Size Balance Sheet

as on….

Particulars

Note No.

Absolute Amount

Percentage of

Balance Sheet Total

2012

(Rs)

2013

(Rs)

2012

(%)

2013

(%)

I. Equity and Liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

1. Shareholders’ Funds

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Equity Share Capital

 

4,00,000

6,00,000

40

45.45

(b) Reserves and Surplus

 

1,00,000

1,50,000

10

11.36

2. Non-Current Liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Long-Term Borrowings

 

3,00,000

3,20,000

30

24.24

3. Current Liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Trade Payables

 

2,00,000

2,50,000

20

18.94

Total

 

10,00,000

13,20,000

100

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

II. Assets

 

 

 

 

 

1. Non-Current Assets

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Fixed Assets

 

 

 

 

 

(i) Tangible Assets

 

5,00,000

6,75,000

50

51.14

(ii) Intangible Assets

 

1,00,000

1,20,000

10

9.09

(b) Non-Current Investments

 

1,50,000

2,00,000

15

15.15

2. Current Assets

 

2,50,000

3,25,000

25

24.62

Total

 

10,00,000

13,20,000

100

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

Working Note:

For example,

 

Preparation

 

Step 1: Title of the Common Size Statement, i.e. ‘Common Size Balance Sheet’ is written on the top of the statement.

Step 2: In the ‘Particulars’ column, the various items of the Balance Sheet are shown under the headings of ‘Assets’ and ‘Equity and Liabilities’.

Step 3: In the ‘Amount’ column, amount of the items are shown in the ‘Year’ column to which they belong

Step 4: The Assets and Liabilities are totaled and are shown separately for each year.

Step 5: In the ‘Percentage’ column, the percentage of each item in comparison to the Total of Balance Sheet are shown.

Page No 184:

Question 1:

Following are the balance sheets of Alpha Ltd. as at March 31st, 2016 and 2017:

Particulars 2016
Rs.
2017
Rs.
I. Equity and Liabilities

 

 

Equity share capital
2,00,000 4,00,000
Reserves and surplus
1,00,000 1,50,000
Long-term borrowings
2,00,000 3,00,000
Short-term borrowings
50,000 70,000
Trade payables
30,000 60,000
Short-term provisions
20,000 10,000
Other current liabilities
20,000 30,000
Total 6,20,000 10,20,000
II. Assets    
Fixed assets
2,00,000 5,00,000
Non-current investments
1,00,000 1,25,000
Current investments
60,000 80,000
Inventories
1,35,000 1,55,000
Trade receivables
60,000 90,000
Short term loans and advances
40,000 60,000
Cash at bank
25,000 10,000
Total 6,20,000 10,20,000
     

Answer:

Comparative Balance Sheet

as on March 31, 2016 and 2017

Particulars

2016

(Rs)

2017

(Rs)

Absolute Change

Percentage Change

I. Equity and Liabilities

 

 

 

 

1. Shareholder’s Fund

 

 

 

 

a. Equity Share Capital

2,00,000

4,00,000

2,00,000

100

b. Reserves and Surplus

1,00,000

1,50,000

50,000

50

2. Non-Current Liabilities

 

 

 

 

a. Long Term Borrowings

2,00,000

3,00,000

1,00,000

50

3. Current Liabilities

 

 

 

 

a. Short Term Borrowings

50,000

70,000

20,000

40

b. Trade Payables

30,000

60,000

30,000

100

c. Short Term Provisions

20,000

10,000

(10,000)

(50)

d. Other Current Liabilities

20,000

30,000

10,000

50

Total

6,20,000

10,20,000

4,00,000

64.5

II. Assets

 

 

 

 

1. Non-Current Assets

 

 

 

 

a. Fixed Assets

2,00,000

5,00,000

3,00,000

150

b. Non Current Investments

1,00,000

1,25,000

25,000

25

2. Current Assets 

 

 

 

 

a. Current Investments

60,000

80,000

20,000

33.3

b. Inventories

1,35,000

1,55,000

20,000

14.8

c. Trade Receivables

60,000

90,000

30,000

50

d. Short Term Loans and Advances

40,000

60,000

20,000

50

e. Cash and Cash Equivalents

25,000

10,000

(15,000)

(60)

Total

6,20,000

10,20,000

4,00,000

64.5

 

 

 

 

 



Page No 185:

Question 2:

Following are the balance sheets of Beta Ltd. at March 31st, 2016 and 2017:

Particulars 2017
Rs.
2016
Rs.
I. Equity and Liabilities

 

 

Equity share capital
4,00,000 3,00,000
Reserves and surplus
1,50,000 1,00,000
Loan from IDBI
3,00,000 1,00,000
Short-term borrowings
70,000 50,000
Trade payables
60,000 30,000
Short-term provisions
10,000 20,000
Other current liabilities
1,10,000 1,00,000
Total 11,00,000 7,00,000
II. Assets

 

 

Fixed assets
4,00,000 2,20,000
Non-current investments
2,25,000 1,00,000
Current investments
80,000 60,000
Stock
1,05,000 90,000
Trade receivables
90,000 60,000
Short term loans and advances
1,00,000 85,000
Cash and cash equivalents
1,00,000 85,000
Total 11,00,000 7,00,000
     

Answer:

Comparative Balance Sheet

as on March 31, 2016 and 2017

Particulars

2016

(Rs)

2017

(Rs)

Absolute Change

Percentage Change

I. Equity and Liabilities

 

 

 

 

1. Shareholder’s Fund

 

 

 

 

 a. Equity Share Capital

3,00,000

4,00,000

1,00,000

33.3

 b. Reserves and Surplus

1,00,000

1,50,000

50,000

50

2. Non-Current Liabilities

 

 

 

 

a. Long Term Borrowings
(Loan from IDBI)

1,00,000

3,00,000

2,00,000

200

3. Current Liabilities

 

 

 

 

 a. Short Term Borrowings

50,000

70,000

20,000

40

 b. Trade Payables

30,000

60,000

30,000

100

 c. Short Term Provisions

20,000

10,000

(10,000)

(50)

 d. Other Current Liabilities

1,00,000

1,10,000

10,000

10

Total

7,00,000

11,00,000

4,00,000

57.14

II. Assets

 

 

 

 

1. Non-Current Assets

 

 

 

 

 a. Fixed Assets

2,20,000

4,00,000

1,80,000

81.8

 b. Non Current Investments

1,00,000

2,25,000

1,25,000

125

2. Current Assets

 

 

 

 

 a. Current Investments

60,000

80,000

20,000

33.3

 b. Inventories (Stock)

90,000

1,05,000

15,000

16.6

 c. Trade Receivables

60,000

90,000

30,000

50

 d. Short Term Loans and Advances

85,000

1,00,000

15,000

17.65

 e. Cash and Cash Equivalents

85,000

1,00,000

15,000

17.65

Total

7,00,000

11,00,000

4,00,000

57.14

 

 

 

 

 

Page No 185:

Question 3:

Prepare Comparative Income Statement from the following information:

Particulars 2016-17
Rs.
2015-16
Rs.
Freight Outward 20,000 10,000
Wages (office) 10,000 5,000
Manufacturing Expenses 50,000 20,000
Stock adjustment (60,000) 30,000
Cash purchases  80,000 60,000
Credit purchases  60,000 20,000
Returns inward  8,000 4,000
Gross profit (30,000) 90,000
Carriage outward 20,000 10,000
Machinery 3,00,000 2,00,000
Charge 10% depreciation on machinery 10,000 5,000
Interest on short-term loans 20,000 20,000
10% debentures 20,000 10,000
Profit on sale of furniture 20,000 10,000
Loss on sale of office car 90,000 60,000
Tax rate 40% 50%

Answer:

Comparative Income Statement

for the year ended March 31, 2016 and 2017

Particulars

Note

No.

2015-16

(Rs)

2016-17

(Rs)

Absolute 

Change
(Rs)

Percentage

Change

1. Revenue from Operations

 

2,16,000

92,000

(1,24,000)

(57.4)

2. Other Income

 

10,000

20,000

10,000

100

3. Total Revenue (1 + 2)

 

2,26,000

1,12,000

(1,14,000)

(50.44)

4. Expenses

 

 

 

 

 

a. Purchases of Stock-in-Trade

 

80,000

1,40,000

60,000

75

b. Change in Inventories

 

30,000

(60,000)

(90,000)

(300)

c. Employee Benefit Expenses

 

5,000

10,000

5,000

100

d. Finance Costs

 

21,000

22,000

1,000

4.54

e. Depreciation and Amortisation Expenses

 

5,000

10,000

5,000

100

f. Other Expenses

 

80,000

1,30,000

50,000

62.5

 Total Expenses

 

2,21,000

2,52,000

31,000

14.03

5. Profit before Tax (3 – 4)

 

5,000

(1,40,000)

(83,000)

16.6

     Less: Income Tax

 

2,500

-

(2,500)

(100)

6. Profit After Tax

 

2,500

(1,40,000)

(1,37,500)

55

 

 

 

 

 

 

Working Notes:

1. Calculation of Net Sales

Net Sales = Cost of Goods Sold + Gross Profit - Sales Return

or, Net Sales = Purchases + Manufacturing Expenses + Change in Inventory + Gross Profit - Sales Return

Net Sales (2016) = 80,000 + 20,000 +30,000 + 90,000 - 4,000 = Rs 2,16,000

Net Sales (2017) = 1,40,000 + 50,000 - 60,000 - 30,000 - 80,000 = Rs 92,000

2. Calculation of Finance Cost

Finance Cost = Interest on short-term loans + Interest on 10% Debentures

Finance Cost (2016) = 20,000 + 1,000 = Rs 21,000

Finance Cost (2017) = 20,000 + 2,000 = Rs 22,000

3. Calculation of Other Expenses

Other Expenses = Freight Outward + Carriage Outward + Loss on sale of office car

Other Expenses (2016) = 10,000 + 10,000 + 60,000 = Rs 80,000

Other Expenses (2017) = 20,000 + 20,000 + 90,000 = Rs 1,30,000



Page No 186:

Question 4:

Prepare Comparative Income Statement from the following information:
 

Particulars 2015-16
Rs.
2016-17
Rs.
Manufacturing expenses 35,000 80,000
Opening stock 30,000 60% of closing stock
Sales 9,60,000 4,50,000
Returns outward 4,000 (out of credit purchase) 6,000 (out of cash purchase)
Closing stock 150% of opening stock 1,00,000
Credit purchases 1,50,000 150% of cash purchase
Cash purchases 80% of credit purchases 40,000
Carriage outward 10,000 30,000
Building 1,00,000 2,00,000
Depreciation on building 20% 10%
Interest on bank overdraft 5,000 -
10% debentures 2,00,000 20,00,000*
Profit on sale of copyright 10,000 20,000
Loss on sale of personal car 10,000 20,000
Other operating expenses 20,000 10,000
Tax rate 50% 40%

*There is a misprint in the book, this should be 2,00,000

Answer:

Comparative Income Statement

for the years ended March 31, 2016 and 2017

Particulars

Note

 No.

2015-16

(Rs)

2016-17

(Rs)

Absolute 

Change
(Rs)

Percentage

Change 

1. Revenue from Operations

 

9,60,000

4,50,000

(5,10,000)

(53.13)

2. Other Income

 

10,000

20,000

10,000

100

3. Total Revenue (1 + 2)

 

9,70,000

4,70,000

(5,00,000)

(51.55)

4. Expenses

 

 

 

 

 

a. Purchases of Stock-in-Trade

 

2,66,000

94,000

(1,72,000)

(64.7)

b. Change in Inventories

 

(15,000)

(40,000)

(55,000)

(366.7)

c. Finance Costs

 

25,000

20,000

(5,000)

(20)

d. Depreciation and Amortisation Expenses

 

20,000

20,000

- -

e. Other Expenses

 

30,000

40,000

10,000

33.33

 Total Expenses

 

3,26,000

1,34,000

(1,92,000)

58.90

5. Profit before Tax (3 – 4)

 

6,44,000

3,36,000

(3,08,000)

47.83

     Less: Income Tax

 

3,22,000

1,34,400

(1,87,600)

58.26

6. Profit After Tax

 

3,22,000

2,01,600

1,20,400

37.39

 

 

 

 

 

 

Working Notes:

1. Calculation of Net Purchases and Change in Inventory

2. Calculation of Finance Cost

Finance Cost = Interest on Bank Overdraft + Interest on Debentures

Finance Cost (2016) = 5,000 + 20,000 = Rs 25,000

Finance Cost (2017) = 0 + 20,000 = Rs 20,000

3. Calculation of Other Expenses

Other Expenses = Carriage outward + Other operating expenses

Other Expenses (2016) = 10,000 + 20,000 = Rs 30,000

Other Expenses (2017) = 30,000 + 10,000 = Rs 40,000



Page No 187:

Question 5:

Prepare a Common size statement of profit and loss of Shefali Ltd. with the help of following information:
 

Particulars 2015-16
(Rs)
2016-17
(Rs)
Revenue from operations  6,00,000 8,00,000
Indirect expense  25% of gross profit 25% of gross profit
Cost of revenue from operations  4,28,000 7,28,000
Other incomes 10,000 12,000
Income tax 30%  30%

Answer:

Common Size Income Statement

for the years ended March 31, 2016 and 20174

Particulars

Note

No.

2015-16

(₹)

2016-17

(₹)

Percentage of

Sales

2015-16

2016-17

1. Revenue from Operations

 

6,00,000

8,00,000

100

100

2. Other Income

 

10,000

12,000

1.67

1.5

3. Total Revenue (1 + 2)

 

6,10,000

8,12,000

101.67

101.5

4. Expenses

 

 

 

 

 

a. Cost of Revenue from Operations (COGS)

 

4,28,000

7,28,000

71.33

91

b. Other Expenses

 

43,000

18,000

7.17

2.25

 Total Expenses

 

4,71,000

7,46,000

78.5

93.25

5. Profit before Tax (3 – 4)

 

1,39,000

66,000

23.167

8.25

     Less: Income Tax

 

(41,700)

(19,800)

5.35

 

6. Profit After Tax

 

97,300

46,200

16.22

5.775

 

 

 

 

 

 

Working Notes:

1. Calculation of Other Expenses

Other Expenses = Indirect Expenses = % of Gross Profit
Gross Profit = Net Sales - Revenue from Operations 
For 2016,
Gross Profit = â‚¹(6,00,000 - 4,28,000) = â‚¹1,72,000
For 2017, Gross Profit = â‚¹(8,00,000 - 7,28,000) = â‚¹72,000
 2016=1,72,000×25%=43,0002017=72,000×25%=18,000

Page No 187:

Question 6:

Prepare a Common Size balance sheet from the following balance sheet of Aditya Ltd. and Anjali Ltd.:
 

Particulars Aditya Ltd.
Rs.
Anjali Ltd.
Rs.
I. Equity and Liabilities    
a) Equity share capital
6,00,000 8,00,000
b) Reserves and surplus
3,00,000 2,50,000
c) Current liabilities
1,00,000 1,50,000
Total 10,00,000 12,00,000
II. Assets    
a) Fixed assets
 4,00,000 7,00,000
b) Current assets
 6,00,000 5,00,000
Total 1,00,0000* 12,00,000
     

*The total of Liabilities side must be equal to the total of Assets side, therefore, it should be 10,00,000.

Answer:

Common Size Balance Sheet 

Particulars

Aditya Ltd.

(Rs)

Anjali Ltd. 

(Rs)

% of Total 

Aditya Ltd.

Anjali Ltd.

I. Equity and Liabilities

 

 

 

 

1. Shareholder’s Fund

 

 

 

 

a. Equity Share Capital

6,00,000

8,00,000

60

66.67

b. Reserves and Surplus

3,00,000

2,50,000

30

20.83

2. Current Liabilities

1,00,000

1,50,000

10

12.5

Total

10,00,000

12,00,000

100

100

II. Assets

 

 

 

 

1. Non-Current Assets

 

 

 

 

a. Fixed Assets

4,00,000

7,00,000

40

58.33

 2. Current Assets

6,00,000

5,00,000

60

41.67

Total

10,00,000

12,00,000

100

100

 

 

 

 

 

 



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