NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Commerce Accountancy Chapter 5 - Accounting Ratios

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Answer:

Ratio Analysis is a technique of financial analysis. It describes the relationship between various items of Balance Sheet and Income Statements. It helps us in ascertaining profitability, operational efficiency, solvency, etc. of a firm. It may be expressed as a fraction, proportion, percentage and in times. It enables budgetary controls by assessing qualitative relationship among different financial variables. Ratio Analysis provides vital information to various accounting users regarding the financial position and viability and performance of a firm. It also lays down the basic framework for decision making and policy designing by management.

Answer:

Accounting ratios are classified in the following two ways.

I. Traditional Classification

II. Functional Classification

I. Traditional Classification: This classification is based on the financial statements, i.e. Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. The Traditional Classification further bifurcates accounting ratios on the basis of the accounts to which the elements of a ratio belong. On the basis of accounts of financial statements, the Traditional Classification bifurcate accounting ratios as:

a. Income Statement Ratios: These are those ratios whose all the elements belong only to the Trading and Profit and Loss Account, like Gross Profit Ratio, etc.

b. Balance Sheet Ratios: These are those ratios whose all the elements belong only to the Balance Sheet, like Current Ratio, Debt Equity Ratio, etc.

c. Composite Ratios: These are those ratios whose elements belong both to the Trading and Profit and Loss Account as well as to the Balance Sheet, like Debtors Turnover Ratio, etc.

II. Functional Classification: This classification reflects the functional need and the purpose of calculating ratio. The basic rationale to compute ratio is to ascertain liquidity, solvency, financial performance and profitability of a business. Consequently, the Functional Classification classifies various accounting ratios as:

a. Liquidity Ratio: These ratios are calculated to determine short term solvency.

b. Solvency Ratio: These ratios are calculated to determine long term solvency.

c. Activity Ratio: These ratios are calculated for measuring the operational efficiency and efficacy of the operations. These ratios relate to sales or cost of goods sold.

d. Profitability Ratio: These ratios are calculated to assess the financial performance and the financial viability of the business.

Answer:

a. Inventory Turnover Ratio: This ratio is computed to determine the efficiency with which the stock is used. This ratio is based on the relationship between cost of goods sold and average stock kept during the year.

b. Debtors Turnover Ratio or Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio: This ratio is computed to determine the rate at which the amount is collected from the debtors. It establishes the relationship between net credit sales and average accounts receivables.

c. Trade Payables Turnover Ratio: This ratio is known as Creditors Turnover Ratio. It is computed to determine the rate at which the amount is paid to the creditors. It establishes the relationship between net credit purchases and average accounts payables.

d. Working Capital Turnover Ratio: This ratio is computed to determine how efficiently the working capital is utilised in making sales. It establishes the relationship between net sales and working capital.

Answer:

The liquidity of a business firm is measured by its ability to pay its long term obligations. The long term obligations include payments of principal amount on the due date and payments of interests on the regular basis. Long term solvency of any business can be calculated on the basis of the following ratios.

a. Debt-Equity Ratio- It depicts the relationship between the borrowed fund and owner’s funds. The lower the debt-equity ratio higher will be the degree of security to the lenders. A low debt-equity ratio implies that the company can easily meet its long term obligations.

b. Total Assets to Debt Ratio- It shows the relationship between the total assets and the long term loans. A high Total Assets to Debt Ratio implies that more assets are financed by the owner’s fund and the company can easily meet its long-term obligations. Thus, a higher ratio implies more security to the lenders.

c. Interest Coverage Ratio- This ratio depicts the relationship between amount of profit utilised for paying interest and amount of interest payable. A high Interest Coverage Ratio implies that the company can easily meet all its interest obligations out of its profit.

Answer:

Inventory Turnover Ratio: This ratio is computed to determine the efficiency with which the stock is used. This ratio is based on the relationship between cost of goods sold and average stock kept during the year.

It shows the rate with which the stock is turned into sales or the number of times the stock in turned into sales during the year. In other words, this ratio reveals the average length of time for which the inventory is held by the firm.

Answer:

Current Assets = Inventories +Trade Receivables + Cash

                       = 55,800 + 28,800 + 59,400

                       = Rs 1,44,000

Current Liabilities = Trade Payables = Rs 72,000

Answer:

Liquidity ratios are calculated to determine the short-term solvency of a business, i.e. the ability of the business to pay back its current dues. Liquidity means easy conversion of assets into cash without any significant loss and delay.

Short-term creditors are interested in ascertaining liquidity ratios for timely payment of their debts.

Liquidity ratio includes

1. Current Ratio

2. Liquid Ratio or Quick Ratio

1. Current Ratio- It explains the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. It is calculated as:

Currents Assets are those assets that can be easily converted into cash within a short period of time like, cash in hand, cash at bank, marketable securities, debtors, stock, bills receivables, prepaid expenses. etc.

Current Liabilities are those liabilities that are to be repaid within a year like, bank overdraft, bills payables, Short-term creditors, provision for tax, outstanding expenses etc.

Importance of Current Ratio

It helps in assessing the firm’s ability to meet its current liabilities on time. The excess of current assets over current liabilities provide a sense of safety and security to the creditors. The ideal ratio of current assets over current liabilities is 2:1. It means that the firm has sufficient funds to meet its current liabilities. A higher ratio indicates poor investment policies of management and low ratio indicates shortage of working capital and lack of liquidity.

2. Liquid Ratio- It explains the relationship between liquid assets and current liabilities. It indicates whether a firm has sufficient funds to pay its current liabilities immediately. It is calculated as:

Importance of Liquid Ratio

It helps in determining whether a firm has sufficient funds if it has to pay all its current liabilities immediately.

It does not include stock, since it takes comparatively more time to convert the stock into cash. Further prepaid expenses are also not included in liquid assets, since these cannot be converted into cash. The ideal Liquidity Ratio is considered to be 1:1. It means that the firm has a rupee in form of liquid assets for every rupee of current liabilities.

Answer:

Solvency position of a firm is studied with the help of the Solvency Ratios. Solvency ratios are the measures of the long-term financial position of the firm in terms of its ability to pay its long-term liabilities. In other words, the solvency of the firm is measured by its ability to pay its long term obligation on the due date. The long term obligations include payments of principal amount on the due date and payments of interests on the regular basis. Long term solvency of any business can be calculated on the basis of the following ratios.

a. Debt-Equity Ratio- It depicts the relationship between the borrowed fund and owner’s funds. The lower the debt-equity ratio higher will be the degree of security to the lenders. A low debt-equity ratio implies that the company can easily meet its long term obligations.

Equity or the Shareholders Fund includes Preference Share Capital, Equity Share Capital, Capital Reserve, Securities Premium, General Reserve less Accumulated Loss and Fictitious Assets

b. Total Assets to Debt Ratio- It shows the relationship between the total assets and the long term loans. A high Total Assets to Debt Ratio implies that more assets are financed by the owner’s fund and the company can easily meet its long-term obligations. Thus, a higher ratio implies more security to the lenders.

Total Assets includes all fixed and current assets except fictitious assets like, Preliminary Expenses, Underwriting Commission, etc.

Debt includes all long-term loans that are to be repaid after one year. It includes debentures, mortgage loans, bank loans, loans from other financial institutions, etc.

c. Interest Coverage Ratio- This ratio depicts the relationship between amount of profit utilise for paying interest and amount of interest payable. A high Interest Coverage Ratio implies that the company can easily meet all its interest obligations out of its profit.

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d. Proprietary Ratio- It shows the relationship between the Shareholders Fund and the Total Assets. This ratio reveals the financial position of a business. The higher the ratio the higher will be the degree of safety for the creditors. It is calculated as:

Total Assets includes all fixed and current assets except fictitious assets like, Preliminary Expenses, Underwriting Commission, etc.

Answer:

Profitability ratios are calculated on the basis of profit earned by a business. This ratio gives a percentage measure to assess the financial viability, profitability and operational efficiency of the business. The various important Profitability Ratios are as follows:

1. Gross Profit Ratio

2. Operating Ratio

3. Operating Profit Ratio

4. Net Profit Ratio

5. Return on Investment or Capital Employed

6. Earnings per Share Ratio

7. Dividend Payout Ratio

8. Price Earnings Ratio

1. Gross Profit Ratio- It shows the relationship between Gross Profit and Net Sales. It depicts the trading efficiency of a business. A higher Gross Profit Ratio implies a better position of a business, whereas a low Gross Profit Ratio implies an inefficient unfavourable sales policy.

2. Operating Ratio- It shows the relationship between Cost of Operation and Net Sales. This ratio depicts the operational efficiency of a business. A low Operating Ratio implies higher operational efficiency of the business. A low Operating Ratio is considered better for the business as it enables the business to be left with a greater amount after covering its operation costs to pay for interests and dividends.

3. Operating Profit Ratio- It shows the relationship between the Operating Profit and Net Sales. It helps in assessing the operational efficiency and the performance of the business.

4. Net Profit Ratio- It shows the relationship between net profit and sales. Higher ratio is better for firm. It depicts the overall efficiency of a business and acts as an important tool to the investors for analysing and measuring the viability and performance of the business.

5. Return on Investment or Capital Employed- It shows the relationship between the profit earned and the capital employed to earn that profit. It is calculated as:

This ratio depicts the efficiency with which the business has utilised the capital invested by the investors. It is an important yardstick to assess the profit earning capacity of the business.

6. Earning per Shares- It shows the relationship between the amount of profit available to distribute as dividend among the equity shareholders and number of equity shares.

7. Dividend Payout Ratio- It shows the relationship between the dividend per share and earnings per share. This ratio depicts the amount of earnings that is distributed in the form of dividend among the shareholders. A high Dividend Payout Ratio implies a better position and goodwill of the business for the shareholders.

8. Price Earning Ratio- It shows the relationship between the market price of a share and the earnings per share. This ratio is the most common tool that is used in the stock markets. This ratio depicts the degree of reliance and trust that the shareholders have on the business. This ratio reflects the expectation of the shareholders regarding the rise in the future prices of the company’s shares. A higher Price Earning Ratio definitely enables a company to enjoy favourable position in the market.

Answer:

Current Ratio- It explains the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. It is calculated as:

Currents Assets are those assets that are easily converted into cash within a short period of time like cash in hand, cash at bank, marketable securities, debtors, stock, bills receivables, prepaid expenses. etc.

Current Liabilities are those liabilities that are to be repaid within a year like bank overdraft, bills payables, Short-term creditors, provision for tax, outstanding expenses etc.

Liquid Ratio- It explains the relationship between liquid assets and current liabilities. It indicates whether a firm has sufficient funds to pay its current liabilities immediately. It is calculated as:

Generally, Current Ratio is preferable for such type of business where the stock or the inventories cannot easily be converted into cash like heavy machinery manufacturing companies, locomotive companies, etc. This is because, the heavy stocks like machinery, heavy tools etc. cannot be easily sold off. But on the other hand, the businesses where the stock can be easily realised or sold off regard Liquid Ratio to be more suitable measure to reveal their liquidity position. For example, the inventories of a service sector company is very liquid as there are no stock kept for sale, so they prefer Liquid Ratio as a measure of overall liquidity.

Moreover, sometimes companies prefer to resort to Liquid Ratio instead of Current Ratio, if the prices of the stock held are prone to fluctuate. This is because if the prices of the inventories fluctuate more, then this may affect their liquidity position of the business and may reduce (or overcast) the Current Ratio. Consequently, they prefer Liquid Ratio as it excludes inventories and stocks.

Thirdly, if the stock forms the major portion of a company’s current assets, then they would prefer Current Ratio and not Liquid Ratio. This is because their current assets mostly consist of stock. The Liquid Ratio of such company will be very low as liquid assets exclude stock. This will reduce their Liquid Ratio and may create a bad image for the creditors. In such a case, Current Ratio provides better measure of overall liquidity.

Answer:

1. Current Ratio

Current Assets = Inventories +Trade Receivables + Cash + Short term Loans and Advances

                       = 12,00,000 + 9,00,000 + 2,28,000 + 72,000

                       = Rs 24,00,000

Current Liabilities = Trade Payables + Short-term Borrowings + Short-term Provisions

                              = 23,40,000 + 6,00,000 + 60,000

                              = Rs 30,00,000     

2. Quick Ratio

Quick Assets = Trade Receivables + Cash + Short term Loans and Advances

                       = 9,00,000 + 2,28,000 + 72,000

                       = Rs 12,00,000

Answer:

or, Current Assets = 3.5 Current Liabilities (1)

Working Capital = Current Assets ­− Current Liabilities

Working Capital = 90,000

or, Current Assets − Current Liabilities = 90,000

or, 3.5 Current Liabilities − Current Liabilities = 90,000 (from 1)

or, 2.5 Current Liabilities = 90,000

Answer:

or,

or, 4.5 Current Liabilities = Current Assets

or,

or, 3 Current Liabilities = Quick Assets

$\mathrm{Quick} \mathrm{Assets} = \mathrm{Current} \mathrm{Assets} - \mathrm{Inventory} = \mathrm{Current} \mathrm{Assets} - 36,000$

Current Assets − Quick Assets = 36,000

or, 4.5 Current Liabilities − 3 Current Liabilities = 36,000

or, 1.5 Current Liabilities = 36,000

or, Current Liabilities = 24,000

Current Assets = 4.5 Current Liabilities

Note: The solution given in the book is incorrect as it from the given figures Current Assets is ascertained to be Rs 1,08,000 and Current Liabilities Rs 24,000.

Answer:

or, 4 × 75,000 = Current Assets

or, Current Assets = 3,00,000

or,

Liquid Assets = 75,000

Inventory = Current Assets − Liquid Assets
                = 3,00,000 − 75,000
                = 2,25,000

Answer:

or,

Current Assets = Liquid Assets + Inventory
                        = 1,00,000 + 20,000
                        = 1,20,000

Answer:

Long Term Debts = Total Debts − Current Liabilities

or,

Answer:

or,

Current Assets = Liquid Assets + Inventory

Answer:

Answer:

i)

ii)

iii)

iv) 

Answer:

(i) 

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi) 

Note: There is a misprint in the question given in the textbook. The figure of Rs '760,000' represents the value of 'Liquid Assets' and not 'Current Assets'. The above solution has been worked out accordingly and the answer given as per the textbook is same as per the above solution.

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Let Sale Price be Rs 100

Then Profit is Rs 20

Hence, the Cost of Revenue from Operations = Rs 100 − Rs 20 = Rs 80

If the Cost of Revenue from Operations is Rs 80, then Revenue from Operations = 100

If the Cost of Revenue from Operations is Rs 1, then Revenue from Operations =

Answer:

or,

Note: It has been assumed that all sales are credit sales

Answer:

1. Debt-Equity Ratio

Debt = Long Term Borrowings = Rs 12,00,0000     

Equity = Share Capital + Reserve and Surplus

           = 10,00,000 + 9,00,000

           = Rs 19,00,000

2. Working Capital Turnover Ratio

Revenue from Operations = Rs 18, 00,000

Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities

                             = 18,00,000 – 5,00,000

                             = Rs 13,00,000

3. Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio

Net Credit Sales = Rs 18,00,000

Average Trade Receivables = Rs 9,00,000

Notes:
1. Revenue from Operations are assumed to be revenue generated from credit sales.

2. The amount of trade receivables given in the Balance Sheet is assumed to be Average Trade Receivables.

Answer:

(i)

(ii)

Answer:

(a)

Debt = Debentures = 75,000

(b)

(c)

Answer:

Answer:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Average Inventory = 15,000*

*Note: Since values for inventory in the beginning and inventory at the end is not given, the amount of inventory is assumed to be average inventory.

(v) 

Answer:

Note: In the solution, Trade Receivables are assumed as the Average Trade Receivables