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Page No 393:

Question 1:

Answer:

A Coolidge tube apparatus consists of a filament and a target. The filament is heated to produce electrons that are accelerated by applying an electric field between the filament and the target. When these accelerated electrons enter the target, they collide with the target atoms. In the process, the electrons lose their kinetic energy. A part of this kinetic energy is utilised for emitting X-rays and the remaining energy is absorbed by the target. Inside the target, the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into heat energy. This raises the temperature of the target and hence, it heats the Coolidge tube.

Page No 393:

Question 2:

A Coolidge tube apparatus consists of a filament and a target. The filament is heated to produce electrons that are accelerated by applying an electric field between the filament and the target. When these accelerated electrons enter the target, they collide with the target atoms. In the process, the electrons lose their kinetic energy. A part of this kinetic energy is utilised for emitting X-rays and the remaining energy is absorbed by the target. Inside the target, the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into heat energy. This raises the temperature of the target and hence, it heats the Coolidge tube.

Answer:

An electron emitted from the filament undergoes a number of collisions inside the material and loses its kinetic energy before coming to rest. This energy is utilised to give out photons or  eject electrons from the atoms of the target. These electrons move to the battery connected to the circuit. Thus, the target does not get more and more negatively charged as time passes.

Page No 393:

Question 3:

An electron emitted from the filament undergoes a number of collisions inside the material and loses its kinetic energy before coming to rest. This energy is utilised to give out photons or  eject electrons from the atoms of the target. These electrons move to the battery connected to the circuit. Thus, the target does not get more and more negatively charged as time passes.

Answer:

Yes, X-rays can be use for photoelectric effect. Photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a metal surface when the frequency of radiation is greater than the threshold frequency of the metal. For photoelectric effect using X-rays, the energy of the incoming X-ray photon should be greater than the work-function of the metal used.

Page No 393:

Question 4:

Yes, X-rays can be use for photoelectric effect. Photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a metal surface when the frequency of radiation is greater than the threshold frequency of the metal. For photoelectric effect using X-rays, the energy of the incoming X-ray photon should be greater than the work-function of the metal used.

Answer:

Only transverse waves can be polarised. Since an X-ray is a transverse wave, it can be polarised.

Page No 393:

Question 5:

Only transverse waves can be polarised. Since an X-ray is a transverse wave, it can be polarised.

Answer:

Speed of light in any material medium is inversely proportional to the refractive index of the medium. Since refractive index of glass for X-ray is less than that for visible light, an X-ray will travel at a faster speed than visible light in glass.

Page No 393:

Question 6:

Speed of light in any material medium is inversely proportional to the refractive index of the medium. Since refractive index of glass for X-ray is less than that for visible light, an X-ray will travel at a faster speed than visible light in glass.

Answer:

Characteristic X-rays are emitted due to the transitions of electrons among different shells. The wavelength of the X-rays emitted in these transitions have definite value for a particular element. But continuous X-rays are emitted due to the conversion of kinetic energy of an electron into photon, which varies from collision to collision and is independent of material. Hence, continuous X-rays provide no information about the element from which they are being emitted.

Page No 393:

Question 7:

Characteristic X-rays are emitted due to the transitions of electrons among different shells. The wavelength of the X-rays emitted in these transitions have definite value for a particular element. But continuous X-rays are emitted due to the conversion of kinetic energy of an electron into photon, which varies from collision to collision and is independent of material. Hence, continuous X-rays provide no information about the element from which they are being emitted.

Answer:

Kα X-rays are emitted due to the transition of an electron from the L shell to the K shell and Lα X-rays due to the transition of an electron from the M shell to the L shell. If Kα X-rays are not emitted, then the L shell will not be vacant to take the electron from the M shell. Hence, LαX-rays will not be emitted. Therefore, it is not possible that in a Coolidge tube, characteristic Lα X-rays are emitted but not KαX-rays.

Page No 393:

Question 8:

Kα X-rays are emitted due to the transition of an electron from the L shell to the K shell and Lα X-rays due to the transition of an electron from the M shell to the L shell. If Kα X-rays are not emitted, then the L shell will not be vacant to take the electron from the M shell. Hence, LαX-rays will not be emitted. Therefore, it is not possible that in a Coolidge tube, characteristic Lα X-rays are emitted but not KαX-rays.

Answer:

An Lα X-ray is emitted when an electron jumps from the M to the L shell, and a Kα X-ray is emitted when an electron jumps from the L to the K shell. Less energy is involved when an electron jumps from the M to the L shell than when it jumps from  the L to the K shell. Also, wavelength of a photon is inversely related to its energy. Therefore, an Lα X-ray has higher wavelength than a Kα X-ray for the same material.

Page No 393:

Question 9:

An Lα X-ray is emitted when an electron jumps from the M to the L shell, and a Kα X-ray is emitted when an electron jumps from the L to the K shell. Less energy is involved when an electron jumps from the M to the L shell than when it jumps from  the L to the K shell. Also, wavelength of a photon is inversely related to its energy. Therefore, an Lα X-ray has higher wavelength than a Kα X-ray for the same material.

Answer:

The difference of energy levels in a hydrogen atom is small. Hence, it is not able to emit characteristic X-rays.

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Question 10:

The difference of energy levels in a hydrogen atom is small. Hence, it is not able to emit characteristic X-rays.

Answer:

X-rays have more penetrating power compared to visible light. As a result, they can penetrate the human body and can also damage the cells of the body. Prolonged exposure to X-rays can lead to cancer or genetic defects.

Page No 393:

Question 1:

X-rays have more penetrating power compared to visible light. As a result, they can penetrate the human body and can also damage the cells of the body. Prolonged exposure to X-rays can lead to cancer or genetic defects.

Answer:

(d) neither by an electric field nor a magnetic field

Since X-rays do not have any charged particles, they are not deflected by an electric field or a magnetic field.

Page No 393:

Question 2:

(d) neither by an electric field nor a magnetic field

Since X-rays do not have any charged particles, they are not deflected by an electric field or a magnetic field.

Answer:

(a) the kinetic energy of the striking electron

In an X-ray tube, electrons are emitted by the filament when it is heated. An electric field generated by a DC battery between the filament and the target makes the electrons hit the target atoms with a very high speed. As a result, the electrons lose their kinetic energy to eject photons, which leads to a continuous emission of  X-rays.

Page No 393:

Question 3:

(a) the kinetic energy of the striking electron

In an X-ray tube, electrons are emitted by the filament when it is heated. An electric field generated by a DC battery between the filament and the target makes the electrons hit the target atoms with a very high speed. As a result, the electrons lose their kinetic energy to eject photons, which leads to a continuous emission of  X-rays.

Answer:

(d) an atomic transition in the target

In an X-ray tube, electrons are emitted by the filament. These electrons are made to strike the filament by applying an electric field between the filament and the target. As a result of it, the kinetic energy of the electrons is lost to the target atoms. This energy is utilised by the target atoms to knock out an electron from the innermost shell. Consequently, the electron makes a transition from the higher energy state to this vacant shell. Due to this transition, the difference of energy of the two states gives photon of characteristic X-ray.

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Question 4:

(d) an atomic transition in the target

In an X-ray tube, electrons are emitted by the filament. These electrons are made to strike the filament by applying an electric field between the filament and the target. As a result of it, the kinetic energy of the electrons is lost to the target atoms. This energy is utilised by the target atoms to knock out an electron from the innermost shell. Consequently, the electron makes a transition from the higher energy state to this vacant shell. Due to this transition, the difference of energy of the two states gives photon of characteristic X-ray.

Answer:

(c) will be halved

Cut off wavelength is given by
λmin= hceV,
where h = Planck's constant
            c = speed of light
            e = charge on an electron
            V = potential difference applied to the tube
When potential difference (V) applied to the tube is doubled, cutoff wavelength λ'min is given by
λ'min= hce2V
λ'min=λmin2

Cuttoff wavelength does not depend on the separation between the filament and the target.
Thus, cutoff wavelength will be halved if the the potential difference applied to the tube is doubled.



Page No 394:

Question 5:

(c) will be halved

Cut off wavelength is given by
λmin= hceV,
where h = Planck's constant
            c = speed of light
            e = charge on an electron
            V = potential difference applied to the tube
When potential difference (V) applied to the tube is doubled, cutoff wavelength λ'min is given by
λ'min= hce2V
λ'min=λmin2

Cuttoff wavelength does not depend on the separation between the filament and the target.
Thus, cutoff wavelength will be halved if the the potential difference applied to the tube is doubled.

Answer:

(c) will remain unchanged

Cut off wavelength is given by
λmin= hceV,
where h = Planck's constant
            c = speed of light
            e = charge on an electron
            V = potential difference applied to the tube
Clearly, the cutoff wavelength does not depend on the current in the circuit and temperature of the filament.

Page No 394:

Question 6:

(c) will remain unchanged

Cut off wavelength is given by
λmin= hceV,
where h = Planck's constant
            c = speed of light
            e = charge on an electron
            V = potential difference applied to the tube
Clearly, the cutoff wavelength does not depend on the current in the circuit and temperature of the filament.

Answer:

(a) both a and b are independent of the material

Moseley's Law for characteristic X-ray is √v = a(Zb), where, a and b are constants independent of the material used.

Page No 394:

Question 7:

(a) both a and b are independent of the material

Moseley's Law for characteristic X-ray is √v = a(Zb), where, a and b are constants independent of the material used.

Answer:

Using Moseley's Law,
v=aZ-b,
where v = frequency of Kα X-ray
            Z = atomic number
           
 v=a2Z-b2 Z-b2=va2
This is  the equation of a parabola with some intercept on the axis, representing atomic number (Z). Hence, curve d represent this relation correctly.  

Page No 394:

Question 8:

Using Moseley's Law,
v=aZ-b,
where v = frequency of Kα X-ray
            Z = atomic number
           
 v=a2Z-b2 Z-b2=va2
This is  the equation of a parabola with some intercept on the axis, representing atomic number (Z). Hence, curve d represent this relation correctly.  

Answer:

(c) has all wavelengths greater than a certain minimum wavelength

The X-ray beam emerging from an X-ray tube consists of wavelengths greater than a certain minimum wavelength called cutoff wavelength.

Page No 394:

Question 9:

(c) has all wavelengths greater than a certain minimum wavelength

The X-ray beam emerging from an X-ray tube consists of wavelengths greater than a certain minimum wavelength called cutoff wavelength.

Answer:

(a) 25 pm

Cutoff wavelength (minimum) is absent in the X-rays coming from a Coolidge tube. Hence, the 25 pm wavelength is absent. 

Page No 394:

Question 10:

(a) 25 pm

Cutoff wavelength (minimum) is absent in the X-rays coming from a Coolidge tube. Hence, the 25 pm wavelength is absent. 

Answer:

(b) VA > VB, ZA < ZB

It is clear from the figure that the X-ray of tube A has less cutoff wavelength than the X-ray of tube B.
 λA<λB
Using Moseley's Law,
ZA<ZB
λ1V, where V is the voltage applied in the X-ray tube.
 VA>VB

Page No 394:

Question 11:

(b) VA > VB, ZA < ZB

It is clear from the figure that the X-ray of tube A has less cutoff wavelength than the X-ray of tube B.
 λA<λB
Using Moseley's Law,
ZA<ZB
λ1V, where V is the voltage applied in the X-ray tube.
 VA>VB

Answer:

(d) > 50%

The penetrating power of X-rays varies directly with the accelerating potential of the electrons (V) or the energy of the X-rays. So, if the potential difference between the target and the filament is increased, the fraction of the X-rays passing through the foil will also increase.

            
          

Page No 394:

Question 12:

(d) > 50%

The penetrating power of X-rays varies directly with the accelerating potential of the electrons (V) or the energy of the X-rays. So, if the potential difference between the target and the filament is increased, the fraction of the X-rays passing through the foil will also increase.

            
          

Answer:

(d) > 0.1 mm

As we increase the accelerating potential between the filament and the target, the penetrating power of the X-ray will increase. As a result, the fraction of the X-ray passing through the foil will increase. But it is given that the same fraction of the X-ray is passing. Therefore, the thickness of the aluminium foil should be increased to maintain the same fraction of the X-ray that will pass through the foil.

Page No 394:

Question 13:

(d) > 0.1 mm

As we increase the accelerating potential between the filament and the target, the penetrating power of the X-ray will increase. As a result, the fraction of the X-ray passing through the foil will increase. But it is given that the same fraction of the X-ray is passing. Therefore, the thickness of the aluminium foil should be increased to maintain the same fraction of the X-ray that will pass through the foil.

Answer:

(d) > I0.

We know that the intensity of an X-ray is directly proportional to the current through the X-ray tube. If the filament current is increased to increase the temperature of the filament, more electrons will be emitted from the filament per unit time. As a result, current in the X-ray tube will increase and consequently, the intensity of the X-ray will also increase.

Page No 394:

Question 14:

(d) > I0.

We know that the intensity of an X-ray is directly proportional to the current through the X-ray tube. If the filament current is increased to increase the temperature of the filament, more electrons will be emitted from the filament per unit time. As a result, current in the X-ray tube will increase and consequently, the intensity of the X-ray will also increase.

Answer:

(b) < 0.1 mm

Radius of the diffraction disc is directly proportional to the wavelength of the light used for the given hole. We know that the wavelength of an X-ray is less than the wavelength of visible light. If an X-ray is passed through the same setup, the radius of the diffraction disc will be less than 0.1 m.

Page No 394:

Question 1:

(b) < 0.1 mm

Radius of the diffraction disc is directly proportional to the wavelength of the light used for the given hole. We know that the wavelength of an X-ray is less than the wavelength of visible light. If an X-ray is passed through the same setup, the radius of the diffraction disc will be less than 0.1 m.

Answer:

(c) the frequency is higher
(d) the photon energy is higher

Harder X-rays are the X-rays having low wavelengths. Since the frequency varies inversely with the wavelength, hard X-rays have high frequency.
Energy of a photon E is given by
E=hcλ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of light.
Clearly, energy varies inversely with wavelength. Therefore, the energy of the photon will be higher for the hard X-ray.
            

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Question 2:

(c) the frequency is higher
(d) the photon energy is higher

Harder X-rays are the X-rays having low wavelengths. Since the frequency varies inversely with the wavelength, hard X-rays have high frequency.
Energy of a photon E is given by
E=hcλ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of light.
Clearly, energy varies inversely with wavelength. Therefore, the energy of the photon will be higher for the hard X-ray.
            

Answer:

(b) accelerating voltage

Cutoff wavelength λmin is given by
λmin = hceV
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
V = Accelerating voltage
e = Charge of electron
Clearly, a cutoff wavelength depends on accelerating voltage. It does not depend on the target material, separation between the target and the temperature of the filament.

Page No 394:

Question 3:

(b) accelerating voltage

Cutoff wavelength λmin is given by
λmin = hceV
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
V = Accelerating voltage
e = Charge of electron
Clearly, a cutoff wavelength depends on accelerating voltage. It does not depend on the target material, separation between the target and the temperature of the filament.

Answer:

(b) K X-ray is emitted when a hole makes a jump from the K shell to some other shell.
(c) The wavelength of K X-ray is smaller than the wavelength of L X-ray of the same material.
 
Energy of a vacant atom is higher than that of a neutral atom.
Hence, option (a) is incorrect.

K X-ray is emitted when an electron makes a jump to the K shell from some other shell. As a result, a positive charge hole is created in the outer shell. As the electron continuously moves to the K shell, the hole moves from the K shell to some other shell. Hence, option (b) is correct.

K X-ray is emitted due to the transition of an electron from the L or M shell to the K shell and L X-ray is emitted due to the transition of an electron from the M or N shell to the L shell. The energy involved in the transition from the L or M shell to the K shell is higher than the energy involved in the transition from the M or N shell to the L shell. Since the energy is inversely proportional to the wavelength, the wavelength of the K X-ray is smaller than the wavelength of the L X-ray of the same material. Hence, option (c) is correct.

If EK, EL and EM are the energies of K, L and M shells, respectively, then the wavelength of Kα X-ray λ1 is given by
λ1=hcEK-EL
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
Wavelength of the Kβ X-ray λ2 is given by
λ2=hcEK-EM 
As the difference of energies (EK- EM) is more than (EK -EL), λ2 is less than λ1. Hence, option (d) is not correct.

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Question 4:

(b) K X-ray is emitted when a hole makes a jump from the K shell to some other shell.
(c) The wavelength of K X-ray is smaller than the wavelength of L X-ray of the same material.
 
Energy of a vacant atom is higher than that of a neutral atom.
Hence, option (a) is incorrect.

K X-ray is emitted when an electron makes a jump to the K shell from some other shell. As a result, a positive charge hole is created in the outer shell. As the electron continuously moves to the K shell, the hole moves from the K shell to some other shell. Hence, option (b) is correct.

K X-ray is emitted due to the transition of an electron from the L or M shell to the K shell and L X-ray is emitted due to the transition of an electron from the M or N shell to the L shell. The energy involved in the transition from the L or M shell to the K shell is higher than the energy involved in the transition from the M or N shell to the L shell. Since the energy is inversely proportional to the wavelength, the wavelength of the K X-ray is smaller than the wavelength of the L X-ray of the same material. Hence, option (c) is correct.

If EK, EL and EM are the energies of K, L and M shells, respectively, then the wavelength of Kα X-ray λ1 is given by
λ1=hcEK-EL
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
Wavelength of the Kβ X-ray λ2 is given by
λ2=hcEK-EM 
As the difference of energies (EK- EM) is more than (EK -EL), λ2 is less than λ1. Hence, option (d) is not correct.

Answer:

(c) λ(Kα) > λ(Kβ) > λ(Kγ)
(d) λ(Mα) > λ(Lα) > λ(Kα)

The Kγtransition (from the N shell to the K shell) involves more energy than the Kβ transition (from the M shell to the K shell), which has more energy than the Kα transition (from the L shell to the K shell).
As the energy varies inversely with the wavelength,
λ(Kα) > λ(Kβ) > λ(Kγ)

The Mαtransition is due to the jumping of an electron from the N shell to the M shell and involves less energy than the Lα transition (from the M shell to the L shell), which involves less energy than the Kαtransition (from the L shell to the K shell).
As the energy varies inversely with the wavelength,
λ(Mα) > λ(Lα) > λ(Kα)

Page No 394:

Question 5:

(c) λ(Kα) > λ(Kβ) > λ(Kγ)
(d) λ(Mα) > λ(Lα) > λ(Kα)

The Kγtransition (from the N shell to the K shell) involves more energy than the Kβ transition (from the M shell to the K shell), which has more energy than the Kα transition (from the L shell to the K shell).
As the energy varies inversely with the wavelength,
λ(Kα) > λ(Kβ) > λ(Kγ)

The Mαtransition is due to the jumping of an electron from the N shell to the M shell and involves less energy than the Lα transition (from the M shell to the L shell), which involves less energy than the Kαtransition (from the L shell to the K shell).
As the energy varies inversely with the wavelength,
λ(Mα) > λ(Lα) > λ(Kα)

Answer:

(c) the intensity remains unchanged
(d) the minimum wavelength decreases

Cutoff wavelength λmin is given by
λmin = hceV
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
V = Accelerating voltage
e = Charge of electron

If the potential difference applied to an X-ray tube V is increased, then the minimum wavelength (cutoff wavelength) gets decreased.
Intensity is not affected by the potential difference applied.

Page No 394:

Question 6:

(c) the intensity remains unchanged
(d) the minimum wavelength decreases

Cutoff wavelength λmin is given by
λmin = hceV
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
V = Accelerating voltage
e = Charge of electron

If the potential difference applied to an X-ray tube V is increased, then the minimum wavelength (cutoff wavelength) gets decreased.
Intensity is not affected by the potential difference applied.

Answer:

(b) may be converted into a photon
(d) may be converted into heat

When an electron strikes the target in a Coolidge tube, the kinetic energy of the electron is used in two ways. Some part of the kinetic energy is converted into a photon, while the remaining part gets converted into heat when the electron makes collisions with the atoms of the target. However, the amount of kinetic energy appearing as the photon vary from collision to collision.



Page No 395:

Question 7:

(b) may be converted into a photon
(d) may be converted into heat

When an electron strikes the target in a Coolidge tube, the kinetic energy of the electron is used in two ways. Some part of the kinetic energy is converted into a photon, while the remaining part gets converted into heat when the electron makes collisions with the atoms of the target. However, the amount of kinetic energy appearing as the photon vary from collision to collision.

Answer:

(a) exerts a force on it
(b) transfers energy to it
(c) transfers momentum to it
(d) transfers impulse to it.

An X-ray exerts force on the material on which it is incident. For example, it can penetrate into metals. An X-ray also transfers energy, momentum and impulse to the material on which it incident. Therefore, all options are correct.

Page No 395:

Question 8:

(a) exerts a force on it
(b) transfers energy to it
(c) transfers momentum to it
(d) transfers impulse to it.

An X-ray exerts force on the material on which it is incident. For example, it can penetrate into metals. An X-ray also transfers energy, momentum and impulse to the material on which it incident. Therefore, all options are correct.

Answer:

(d) Method of creation

Let λ1 and λ2 be the wavelengths of the photons of continuous and characteristic X-rays, respectively.
Given:
λ1=λ2=λ
Now, frequency ν is given by
v=cλ1=cλ2ν=cλ

Hence, the frequency of both the photons is the same.
Energy of a photon E is given by
E=hv
As the frequency of both the photons is the same, they will have the same energy.
The photon of the continuous X-ray and the photon of the characteristic X-ray consist of the same penetrating power.
The photon of the characteristic X-ray is created because of the transition of an electron from one shell to another. The photon of the continuous X-ray is created because of the conversion of the kinetic energy of an electron into a photon of electromagnetic radiation.

Page No 395:

Question 1:

(d) Method of creation

Let λ1 and λ2 be the wavelengths of the photons of continuous and characteristic X-rays, respectively.
Given:
λ1=λ2=λ
Now, frequency ν is given by
v=cλ1=cλ2ν=cλ

Hence, the frequency of both the photons is the same.
Energy of a photon E is given by
E=hv
As the frequency of both the photons is the same, they will have the same energy.
The photon of the continuous X-ray and the photon of the characteristic X-ray consist of the same penetrating power.
The photon of the characteristic X-ray is created because of the transition of an electron from one shell to another. The photon of the continuous X-ray is created because of the conversion of the kinetic energy of an electron into a photon of electromagnetic radiation.

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of the X-ray photon, λ = 0.1 nm
Speed of light, c = 3×108 m/s

(a) Energy of the photon E is given by
 E=hcλE=1242 eV 0.1 E=12420 eVE=12.42 keV12.4 keV

(b) Frequency is given by
ν=cλν=3×1080.1×10-9ν=3×1018 Hz

(c) Momentum of the photon P is given by
  P=EcP=12.4×103×1.6×10-193×108P=6.613×10-24 kg-m/s6.62×10-24 g-m/s

Page No 395:

Question 2:

Given:
Wavelength of the X-ray photon, λ = 0.1 nm
Speed of light, c = 3×108 m/s

(a) Energy of the photon E is given by
 E=hcλE=1242 eV 0.1 E=12420 eVE=12.42 keV12.4 keV

(b) Frequency is given by
ν=cλν=3×1080.1×10-9ν=3×1018 Hz

(c) Momentum of the photon P is given by
  P=EcP=12.4×103×1.6×10-193×108P=6.613×10-24 kg-m/s6.62×10-24 g-m/s

Answer:

Given:
Energy of the X-ray, E = 6.4 keV
Distance travelled by the photon, d = 3 km = 3 × 103 m
Time taken by the photon to cross the distance of 3 km is given by
t=DistanceSpeed=3×1033×108t=10-5 s=10×10-6 st=10 μs  

Both the Kα photon and X-ray will take the same time, that is, 10 μs, to cross the distance of 3 km.

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Question 3:

Given:
Energy of the X-ray, E = 6.4 keV
Distance travelled by the photon, d = 3 km = 3 × 103 m
Time taken by the photon to cross the distance of 3 km is given by
t=DistanceSpeed=3×1033×108t=10-5 s=10×10-6 st=10 μs  

Both the Kα photon and X-ray will take the same time, that is, 10 μs, to cross the distance of 3 km.

Answer:

Given:
Voltage of the X-ray tube, V = 30 kV
Cutoff wavelength for continuous X-rays λ is given by
λ=hceVHere, h=Planck's constantV=Voltage of the X-ray tubec=Speed of lightλ=1242 eV-nme×30×103λ=414×10-4 nm=41.4 pm

Page No 395:

Question 4:

Given:
Voltage of the X-ray tube, V = 30 kV
Cutoff wavelength for continuous X-rays λ is given by
λ=hceVHere, h=Planck's constantV=Voltage of the X-ray tubec=Speed of lightλ=1242 eV-nme×30×103λ=414×10-4 nm=41.4 pm

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of the X-ray, λ = 0.10 nm
Planck's constant, h = 6.63×10-34 J-s
Speed of light, c = 3×108 m/s

Minimum wavelength is given by
λmin=hceVV=hceλminV=6.63×10-34×3×1081.6×10-19×10-10V=12.43×103 V=12.4 kV

Maximum energy of the photon E is given by
E = hcλ
E=6.68×10-34×3×10810-10E=19.89×10-16E=1.989×10-152×10-15 J

Page No 395:

Question 5:

Given:
Wavelength of the X-ray, λ = 0.10 nm
Planck's constant, h = 6.63×10-34 J-s
Speed of light, c = 3×108 m/s

Minimum wavelength is given by
λmin=hceVV=hceλminV=6.63×10-34×3×1081.6×10-19×10-10V=12.43×103 V=12.4 kV

Maximum energy of the photon E is given by
E = hcλ
E=6.68×10-34×3×10810-10E=19.89×10-16E=1.989×10-152×10-15 J

Answer:

Given:
Cutoff wavelength of the Coolidge tube, λ = 80 pm
Energy of the electron hitting the target E is given by
E=hcλ 
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of light

 E =1242 eV-nm80×10-3E=1242×10-9 eV80×10-12E=15.525×103 eV15.5 keV

Page No 395:

Question 6:

Given:
Cutoff wavelength of the Coolidge tube, λ = 80 pm
Energy of the electron hitting the target E is given by
E=hcλ 
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of light

 E =1242 eV-nm80×10-3E=1242×10-9 eV80×10-12E=15.525×103 eV15.5 keV

Answer:

Let λ be the cut off wavelength and V be the operating potential in the X-ray tube.
Then,
λ=hcV
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light

If the operating voltage is increased by 1%, then the new operating voltage (V') will be given by
V'=V+1100×VV'= 1.01 V

Cut off wavelength λ' on increasing the operating voltage is given by
  λ'=hc1.01V=λ1.01 λ'-λ=0.011.01λ

Percentage change in the wavelength is given by
0.01λ1.01×λ×100=11.01=0.9901
 = 1 (approx.)

Page No 395:

Question 7:

Let λ be the cut off wavelength and V be the operating potential in the X-ray tube.
Then,
λ=hcV
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light

If the operating voltage is increased by 1%, then the new operating voltage (V') will be given by
V'=V+1100×VV'= 1.01 V

Cut off wavelength λ' on increasing the operating voltage is given by
  λ'=hc1.01V=λ1.01 λ'-λ=0.011.01λ

Percentage change in the wavelength is given by
0.01λ1.01×λ×100=11.01=0.9901
 = 1 (approx.)

Answer:

Given:
Distance between the filament and the target in the X-ray tube, d = 1.5 m
Cut off wavelength, λ = 30 pm
Energy E is given by
E=hcλ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of light

Thus, we have

E=1242 eV-nm30×10-3E=1242×10-930×10-12E=41.4×103 eVNow,Electric field =Vd =41.4×1031.5                      =27.6×103 V/m                      =27.6 kV/m

Page No 395:

Question 8:

Given:
Distance between the filament and the target in the X-ray tube, d = 1.5 m
Cut off wavelength, λ = 30 pm
Energy E is given by
E=hcλ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of light

Thus, we have

E=1242 eV-nm30×10-3E=1242×10-930×10-12E=41.4×103 eVNow,Electric field =Vd =41.4×1031.5                      =27.6×103 V/m                      =27.6 kV/m

Answer:

Let λ be the initial wavelength, V be the initial potential, λ' be the new wavelength and V' be the new operating voltage when the operating voltage is increased in the X-ray tube.
Given:
λ' = λ-26 pm
V' = 1.5 V
Energy E is given by
E=hcλ
eV=hcλ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of light
V = Operating potential

λ=hceV λV=λ'V'           λ1VλV=λ-26×1.5 V 0.5λ=26×1.5λ=26×3λ=78 pm
Hence, the initial wavelength is 78×10-12 m.

Now, the operating voltage (V) is given by
V=hceλV=6.63×10-34×3×1081.6×10-19×78×10-12V=0.15937×105V=15.9 kV

Page No 395:

Question 9:

Let λ be the initial wavelength, V be the initial potential, λ' be the new wavelength and V' be the new operating voltage when the operating voltage is increased in the X-ray tube.
Given:
λ' = λ-26 pm
V' = 1.5 V
Energy E is given by
E=hcλ
eV=hcλ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of light
V = Operating potential

λ=hceV λV=λ'V'           λ1VλV=λ-26×1.5 V 0.5λ=26×1.5λ=26×3λ=78 pm
Hence, the initial wavelength is 78×10-12 m.

Now, the operating voltage (V) is given by
V=hceλV=6.63×10-34×3×1081.6×10-19×78×10-12V=0.15937×105V=15.9 kV

Answer:

Given:
Potential of the electron beam, V = 32 kV = 32 × 103 V
Energy, E=32×103 eV
Wavelength of the X-ray photon λ is given by
λ=hcE
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light         
λ=hcEλ=1242 eVnm32×103λ=38.8×10-3 nmλ=38.8 pm

Page No 395:

Question 10:

Given:
Potential of the electron beam, V = 32 kV = 32 × 103 V
Energy, E=32×103 eV
Wavelength of the X-ray photon λ is given by
λ=hcE
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light         
λ=hcEλ=1242 eVnm32×103λ=38.8×10-3 nmλ=38.8 pm

Answer:

Given:
Potential applied to the X-ray tube, V = 40 kV
Frequency of the X-ray, v = 9.7 × 1018 Hz
Wavelength λ is given by
 λ=hceV
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
e = 1.6 × 10-19    
λ=hceV λc=heV  1v=heV          v=cλ h=eVvh=40×1039.7×1018×eh=4.12×10-15 eVs

Page No 395:

Question 11:

Given:
Potential applied to the X-ray tube, V = 40 kV
Frequency of the X-ray, v = 9.7 × 1018 Hz
Wavelength λ is given by
 λ=hceV
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
e = 1.6 × 10-19    
λ=hceV λc=heV  1v=heV          v=cλ h=eVvh=40×1039.7×1018×eh=4.12×10-15 eVs

Answer:

Given:
Potential of the X-ray tube, V = 40 kV = 40 × 103 V
Energy = 40 × 103 eV
Energy utilised by the electron is given by
E =70100×40×103 = 28 × 103 eV
Wavelength λ is given by
λ=hcE
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
E = Energy of the electron
λ=hcEλ=1242 eV-nm28×103 eVλ=1242×10-9 eV28×103 eVλ=44.35×10-12λ=44.35 pm

For the second wavelength,
E = 70% (Leftover energy)
  =70100×(40-28)103=70100×12×103=84×102 eVAnd,λ=hcE=12428.4×103=147.86×10-3 nm=147.86 pm=148 pm

For the third wavelength,
E=70100(12-8.4)×103 =7×3.6×102=25.2×102 eVAnd,λ=hcE=124225.2×102  =49.2857×10-2  =493 pm

Page No 395:

Question 13:

Given:
Potential of the X-ray tube, V = 40 kV = 40 × 103 V
Energy = 40 × 103 eV
Energy utilised by the electron is given by
E =70100×40×103 = 28 × 103 eV
Wavelength λ is given by
λ=hcE
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
E = Energy of the electron
λ=hcEλ=1242 eV-nm28×103 eVλ=1242×10-9 eV28×103 eVλ=44.35×10-12λ=44.35 pm

For the second wavelength,
E = 70% (Leftover energy)
  =70100×(40-28)103=70100×12×103=84×102 eVAnd,λ=hcE=12428.4×103=147.86×10-3 nm=147.86 pm=148 pm

For the third wavelength,
E=70100(12-8.4)×103 =7×3.6×102=25.2×102 eVAnd,λ=hcE=124225.2×102  =49.2857×10-2  =493 pm

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of Kβ X-ray of argon, λ = 0.36 nm
Energy needed to ionise an argon atom = 16 eV

Energy of Kβ X-ray of argon E is given by
E=12420.36=3450 eV

Energy needed to knock out an electron from K shell
EK = (3450 + 16) eV
EK = 3466 eV  3.47 keV

Page No 395:

Question 14:

Given:
Wavelength of Kβ X-ray of argon, λ = 0.36 nm
Energy needed to ionise an argon atom = 16 eV

Energy of Kβ X-ray of argon E is given by
E=12420.36=3450 eV

Energy needed to knock out an electron from K shell
EK = (3450 + 16) eV
EK = 3466 eV  3.47 keV

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of Kα X-rays of aluminium, λ1 = 887 pm
Frequency of X-rays of aluminium is given by
νa=cλνa=3×108887×10-12νa=3.382×1017νa=33.82×1016 Hz

Wavelength of Kα X-rays of zinc, λ2 = 146 pm
Frequency of X-rays of zinc is given by
νz=3×108146×10-12νz=0.02055×1020νz=2.055×1018 Hz

We know
  ν = a(Zb)

For aluminium,
5.815 × 108 = a(13 − b)    ...(1)

For zinc,
1.4331 × 109 = a(30 − b)   ...(2)

Dividing (1) by (2)
13-b30-b=5.815×10-11.4331=0.4057 30×0.4057-0.4057 b=13-b 12.171-0.4057 b+b=13b=0.8290.5943=1.39491a=5.815×10811.33=0.51323×108=5×107

For Fe,
Frequency ν' is given by
ν' = 5× 107 (26 − 1.39)
  = 5 × 24.61 × 107
  = 123.05 × 107

ν' = cλ
Here, c =  speed of light
          λ = Wavelength of light
 cλ=5141.3×1014λ=3×1085141.3×1014     =0.000198×10-5 m    =198×10-12=198 pm

Page No 395:

Question 15:

Given:
Wavelength of Kα X-rays of aluminium, λ1 = 887 pm
Frequency of X-rays of aluminium is given by
νa=cλνa=3×108887×10-12νa=3.382×1017νa=33.82×1016 Hz

Wavelength of Kα X-rays of zinc, λ2 = 146 pm
Frequency of X-rays of zinc is given by
νz=3×108146×10-12νz=0.02055×1020νz=2.055×1018 Hz

We know
  ν = a(Zb)

For aluminium,
5.815 × 108 = a(13 − b)    ...(1)

For zinc,
1.4331 × 109 = a(30 − b)   ...(2)

Dividing (1) by (2)
13-b30-b=5.815×10-11.4331=0.4057 30×0.4057-0.4057 b=13-b 12.171-0.4057 b+b=13b=0.8290.5943=1.39491a=5.815×10811.33=0.51323×108=5×107

For Fe,
Frequency ν' is given by
ν' = 5× 107 (26 − 1.39)
  = 5 × 24.61 × 107
  = 123.05 × 107

ν' = cλ
Here, c =  speed of light
          λ = Wavelength of light
 cλ=5141.3×1014λ=3×1085141.3×1014     =0.000198×10-5 m    =198×10-12=198 pm

Answer:

Given:
Energy of Kα X-ray, E = 3.69 keV = 3690 eV

Wavelength λ is given by
λ=hcEλ=12423690λ=0.33658 nmλ=0.34×10-9 m   

From Moseley's equation,
cλ=a(Z-b)
Here, c = speed of light
         λ = wavelength of light
        Z = atomic number of element

On substituting the respective values,
3×1080.34×10-9=5×107(Z-1.39)8.82×1017=5×107(Z-1.39) 9.39×108=5×107(Z-1.39)93.95=Z-1.39Z=93.95+1.39       =20.17=20
So, the element is calcium.

Page No 395:

Question 16:

Given:
Energy of Kα X-ray, E = 3.69 keV = 3690 eV

Wavelength λ is given by
λ=hcEλ=12423690λ=0.33658 nmλ=0.34×10-9 m   

From Moseley's equation,
cλ=a(Z-b)
Here, c = speed of light
         λ = wavelength of light
        Z = atomic number of element

On substituting the respective values,
3×1080.34×10-9=5×107(Z-1.39)8.82×1017=5×107(Z-1.39) 9.39×108=5×107(Z-1.39)93.95=Z-1.39Z=93.95+1.39       =20.17=20
So, the element is calcium.

Answer:

We can directly get value of v by energy frequency relation.
hv = energy
Here, h = Planck's constant
         v=Energy (in keV)h
The required graph is as follows:

Page No 395:

Question 17:

We can directly get value of v by energy frequency relation.
hv = energy
Here, h = Planck's constant
         v=Energy (in keV)h
The required graph is as follows:

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of Kα X-rays, λ1 = 0.71 A
Wavelength of Kβ X-rays, λ2 = 0.63 A

For La X-ray of molybdenum,
 a = 57
 b = 1
From Moseley's equation,
v=a(Z-b)
Here, v = frequency of X-ray
         Z = atomic number of the element
v=a(Z-b)v=a(57-1)         =a×56     ...(1)For Cu (29),1.88×1018=a(29-1)=28 a    ...(2)
Dividing (1) and (2)
v1.88×1018=a×56a×28=2 v=1.88×1018×(2)2     =4×1.88×1018     =7.52×1018 Hz

Page No 395:

Question 18:

Given:
Wavelength of Kα X-rays, λ1 = 0.71 A
Wavelength of Kβ X-rays, λ2 = 0.63 A

For La X-ray of molybdenum,
 a = 57
 b = 1
From Moseley's equation,
v=a(Z-b)
Here, v = frequency of X-ray
         Z = atomic number of the element
v=a(Z-b)v=a(57-1)         =a×56     ...(1)For Cu (29),1.88×1018=a(29-1)=28 a    ...(2)
Dividing (1) and (2)
v1.88×1018=a×56a×28=2 v=1.88×1018×(2)2     =4×1.88×1018     =7.52×1018 Hz

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of KαX-rays of molybdenum, λa = 0.71 A
Wavelength of Kβ X-rays of molybdenum, λb = 0.63 A

Energy of KαX-raysKa is given by
Ka = EK-EL  .....(1)

Energy of Kβ X-rays Kβ is given by
Kβ=EK-EM    ....(2)

Energy of La X-ray La is given by
KL=EL-EM

Subtracting (2) from (1),

Kα-Kβ=EM-EL=-KLor  KL=Kβ-Kα KL=3×1080.63×10-10-3×1080.71×10-10 KL=4.761×10-18-4.225×1018 KL=0.536×1018 HzAgain, λ=3×1080.536×10-18 λ=5.6×10-10=5.6 Å

Page No 395:

Question 19:

Given:
Wavelength of KαX-rays of molybdenum, λa = 0.71 A
Wavelength of Kβ X-rays of molybdenum, λb = 0.63 A

Energy of KαX-raysKa is given by
Ka = EK-EL  .....(1)

Energy of Kβ X-rays Kβ is given by
Kβ=EK-EM    ....(2)

Energy of La X-ray La is given by
KL=EL-EM

Subtracting (2) from (1),

Kα-Kβ=EM-EL=-KLor  KL=Kβ-Kα KL=3×1080.63×10-10-3×1080.71×10-10 KL=4.761×10-18-4.225×1018 KL=0.536×1018 HzAgain, λ=3×1080.536×10-18 λ=5.6×10-10=5.6 Å

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of Kα X-ray, λ1 = 21.3 pm
Wavelength of Lα X-ray, λ2 = 141 pm

Energy of Kα X-ray E1 is given by
E1=124221.3×10-3   =58.309×103 eV

Energy of Lα X-ray E2 is given by
E2=1242141×10-5   =8.8085×103 eV

Energy of Kβ X-ray E3 will be
E3=E1+E2E3=(58.309+8.809)×103 eV E3=67.118×103 eV
Wavelength of Kβ X-ray λ is given by
λ=hcE3=124267.118×103 =18.5×10-3 nm=18.5 pm

Page No 395:

Question 20:

Given:
Wavelength of Kα X-ray, λ1 = 21.3 pm
Wavelength of Lα X-ray, λ2 = 141 pm

Energy of Kα X-ray E1 is given by
E1=124221.3×10-3   =58.309×103 eV

Energy of Lα X-ray E2 is given by
E2=1242141×10-5   =8.8085×103 eV

Energy of Kβ X-ray E3 will be
E3=E1+E2E3=(58.309+8.809)×103 eV E3=67.118×103 eV
Wavelength of Kβ X-ray λ is given by
λ=hcE3=124267.118×103 =18.5×10-3 nm=18.5 pm

Answer:

Given:
Energy of electron in the K shell, Ek = 25.31 keV
Energy of electron in the L shell, EL = 3.56 keV
Energy of electron in the M shell, EM = 0.530 keV

Let f be the frequency of Kα X-ray and f0 be the frequency of Kβ X-ray.
Let f1 be the frequency of Lα X-rays of silver.

∴ Kα = EKEL = hf
Here, h = Planck constant
         f = frequency of Kα X-ray

 f=EK-ELhf=(25.31-3.56)6.63×10-34×1.6×10-19×103f=21.75×103×10156.67f=5.25×1018 HzKβ=EK-EM=hf0f0=EK-EMhf0=(25.31-0.53)6.67×10-34×103×1.6×10-19f0=5.985×1018 Hz

KL=EL-EM=hf1f1=EL-EMhf1= 3.56-0.5306.63×10-34×103×1.6×10-19f1= 7.32×1017 Hz

Page No 395:

Question 21:

Given:
Energy of electron in the K shell, Ek = 25.31 keV
Energy of electron in the L shell, EL = 3.56 keV
Energy of electron in the M shell, EM = 0.530 keV

Let f be the frequency of Kα X-ray and f0 be the frequency of Kβ X-ray.
Let f1 be the frequency of Lα X-rays of silver.

∴ Kα = EKEL = hf
Here, h = Planck constant
         f = frequency of Kα X-ray

 f=EK-ELhf=(25.31-3.56)6.63×10-34×1.6×10-19×103f=21.75×103×10156.67f=5.25×1018 HzKβ=EK-EM=hf0f0=EK-EMhf0=(25.31-0.53)6.67×10-34×103×1.6×10-19f0=5.985×1018 Hz

KL=EL-EM=hf1f1=EL-EMhf1= 3.56-0.5306.63×10-34×103×1.6×10-19f1= 7.32×1017 Hz

Answer:

Let the potential required that may be applied across the X-ray tube without emitting any characteristic K or L X-ray be V.
∴ Energy of electron = eV
This amount of energy is equal to the energy of L shell.
So, the maximum potential difference that can be applied without emitting any electron is 11.3 kV.

Page No 395:

Question 22:

Let the potential required that may be applied across the X-ray tube without emitting any characteristic K or L X-ray be V.
∴ Energy of electron = eV
This amount of energy is equal to the energy of L shell.
So, the maximum potential difference that can be applied without emitting any electron is 11.3 kV.

Answer:

Given:
V = 30 KV
i = 10mA

1% of TKE (total kinetic energy) = X-ray
i = ne
or  n=10-21.6×10-19=0.625×1017     (number of electrons)



KE of one electron = eV
=1.6×10-19×40×103=6.4×10-15JTKE=0.625×6.4×1017×10-15=4×102J
(b) Heat produced in target per second = 400 − 4 = 396 J

Page No 395:

Question 23:

Given:
V = 30 KV
i = 10mA

1% of TKE (total kinetic energy) = X-ray
i = ne
or  n=10-21.6×10-19=0.625×1017     (number of electrons)



KE of one electron = eV
=1.6×10-19×40×103=6.4×10-15JTKE=0.625×6.4×1017×10-15=4×102J
(b) Heat produced in target per second = 400 − 4 = 396 J

Answer:

Given:
Heat produced/second = Power (P) = 200 W
Potential in the X ray tube, V = 20 kV
We know
Power, P = VI
Here, V = potential difference
          I = current
But I = net
Where, e = charge on electron
             t = time
            n = no of electrons
 P=neVt 200 =neVt (ne/t)V=200 I=200VI=20020×103=10 mA

Page No 395:

Question 12:

Given:
Heat produced/second = Power (P) = 200 W
Potential in the X ray tube, V = 20 kV
We know
Power, P = VI
Here, V = potential difference
          I = current
But I = net
Where, e = charge on electron
             t = time
            n = no of electrons
 P=neVt 200 =neVt (ne/t)V=200 I=200VI=20020×103=10 mA

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of X-ray of tungsten, λ = 21.3 pm
Energy required to take out electron from the L shell of a tungsten atom, EL = 11.3 keV
Voltage required to take out electron from the L shell of a tungsten atom, VL = 11.3 kV
Let EK and EL be the energies of K and L, respectively.
 EK-EL=hcλHere, h=Planck's constant          c=Speed of lightEK-EL=1242 eV-nm21.3×10-12EK-EL=1242×10-9 eV21.3×10-12EK-EL=58.309 keVEL=11.3 keV EK=69.609 keV
Thus, the accelerating voltage across an X-ray tube that allows the production of Kα X-ray is given by
VK = 69.609 kV



Page No 396:

Question 24:

Given:
Wavelength of X-ray of tungsten, λ = 21.3 pm
Energy required to take out electron from the L shell of a tungsten atom, EL = 11.3 keV
Voltage required to take out electron from the L shell of a tungsten atom, VL = 11.3 kV
Let EK and EL be the energies of K and L, respectively.
 EK-EL=hcλHere, h=Planck's constant          c=Speed of lightEK-EL=1242 eV-nm21.3×10-12EK-EL=1242×10-9 eV21.3×10-12EK-EL=58.309 keVEL=11.3 keV EK=69.609 keV
Thus, the accelerating voltage across an X-ray tube that allows the production of Kα X-ray is given by
VK = 69.609 kV

Answer:

Given:
f = (25 × 1014 Hz) (Z − 1)2
 or cλ=25×1014(Z-1)2(a) 3×10878.9×10-12×25×1014=(Z-1)2or (Z-1)2=.0.001520×106=1520 Z-1=38.98or  Z=39.98=40Thus, it is (Zr).(b) 3×108146×10-12×25×1014=(Z-1)2or  (Z-1)2=0.00082219×106or Z-1=28.669or Z=29.669=30Thus, it is (Zn).(c) 3×108158×10-12×25×104=(Z-1)2or (Z-1)2=0.0007594×104or Z-1=27.5559or Z=28.5589=29Thus, it is (Cu).(d) 3×108198×10-12×25×104=(Z-1)2or (Z-1)2=0.000606×104or Z-1=24.6162or Z=25.6162=26Thus, it is (Fe).

Page No 396:

Question 25:

Given:
f = (25 × 1014 Hz) (Z − 1)2
 or cλ=25×1014(Z-1)2(a) 3×10878.9×10-12×25×1014=(Z-1)2or (Z-1)2=.0.001520×106=1520 Z-1=38.98or  Z=39.98=40Thus, it is (Zr).(b) 3×108146×10-12×25×1014=(Z-1)2or  (Z-1)2=0.00082219×106or Z-1=28.669or Z=29.669=30Thus, it is (Zn).(c) 3×108158×10-12×25×104=(Z-1)2or (Z-1)2=0.0007594×104or Z-1=27.5559or Z=28.5589=29Thus, it is (Cu).(d) 3×108198×10-12×25×104=(Z-1)2or (Z-1)2=0.000606×104or Z-1=24.6162or Z=25.6162=26Thus, it is (Fe).

Answer:

Here, energy of photon = E
E = 6.4 KeV = 6.4 × 103 eV
Momentum of photon
=Ec=6.4×1033×108=3.41×10-24kgm/sec
According to collision theory,
Momentum of photon = Momentum of atom
∴ Momentum of atom, P = 3.41 × 10−24 kgm/sec

 Recoil KE of atom = P2/2M
=(3.41×10-24)2eV(20)9.3×10-26×1.6×10-19=3.9eV
[1 Joule = 1.6 × 10−19 eV]

Page No 396:

Question 26:

Here, energy of photon = E
E = 6.4 KeV = 6.4 × 103 eV
Momentum of photon
=Ec=6.4×1033×108=3.41×10-24kgm/sec
According to collision theory,
Momentum of photon = Momentum of atom
∴ Momentum of atom, P = 3.41 × 10−24 kgm/sec

 Recoil KE of atom = P2/2M
=(3.41×10-24)2eV(20)9.3×10-26×1.6×10-19=3.9eV
[1 Joule = 1.6 × 10−19 eV]

Answer:

V0 - Stopping Potential
K - Potential difference across X-ray tube
λ - Wavelength
λ - Cut difference Wavelength
eV0=hf-hf0λ=hceVeV0=hcλor =hceor V0λ=hce
Here, the slopes are same.
i.e. V0λ = Vλ
hce=6.63×10-34×3×1081.6×10-19=1.242×10-6 Vm

Page No 396:

Question 27:

V0 - Stopping Potential
K - Potential difference across X-ray tube
λ - Wavelength
λ - Cut difference Wavelength
eV0=hf-hf0λ=hceVeV0=hcλor =hceor V0λ=hce
Here, the slopes are same.
i.e. V0λ = Vλ
hce=6.63×10-34×3×1081.6×10-19=1.242×10-6 Vm

Answer:

Given:
λ=10 pm=100×10-12mD=40 cm=40×10-2mβ=0.1 mm=0.1×10-3mβ=λDdd=λDβ=100×10-12×40×10-210-3×0.1=4×10-7m



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