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#### Question 1:

Galileo was punished by the Church for teaching that the sun is stationary and the earth moves around it. His opponents held the view that the earth is stationary and the sun moves around it. If the absolute motion has no meaning, are the two viewpoints not equally correct or equally wrong?

The absolute motion has no meaning. In the relative motion view, the two viewpoints are the same. Hence, both viewpoints are equally correct or equally wrong.

#### Question 2:

When a particle moves with constant velocity, its average velocity, its instantaneous velocity and its speed are all equal. Comment on this statement.

Constant velocity means that a particle has the same direction and speed at every point. So, its average velocity and instantaneous velocity are equal. Its speed being a scalar quantity is equal in magnitude only.

#### Question 3:

A car travels at a speed of 60 km/hr due north and the other at a speed of 60 km/hr due east. Are the velocities equal? If no, which one is greater? If you find any of the questions irrelevant, explain.

No, as the directions of the cars are different, their velocities are not equal, as velocity is a vector quantity.

We cannot compare velocities on the basis of direction only, so the question is irrelevant.

#### Question 4:

A ball is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 20 m/s. Draw a graph showing the velocity of the ball as a function of time as it goes up and then comes back.

#### Question 5:

The velocity of a particle is towards west at an instant. Its acceleration is not towards west, not towards east, not towards north and towards south. Give an example of this type of motion.

Motion of a projectile at the highest point of its path: Because at this point, the projectile has only horizontal component of velocity. So, it can have velocity towards west and acceleration in the vertically downward direction.

#### Question 6:

At which point on its path a projectile has the smallest speed?

A projectile has the lowest speed at the highest point of its path because the vertical component of velocity is zero at this point.

#### Question 7:

Two particles A and B start from rest and move for equal time on a straight line. The particle A has an acceleration a for the first half of the total time and 2a for the second half. The particle B has an acceleration 2a for the first and a for the second half. Which particle has covered larger distance?

From the velocity–time graph, we have:
Distance covered by A = ($\frac{1}{2}×\frac{t}{2}×\frac{at}{2}+\frac{1}{2}×\frac{t}{2}×\frac{at}{2}+\frac{t}{2}×\frac{at}{2}\right)=\frac{a{t}^{2}}{2}$
Distance covered by B = $\left(\frac{1}{2}×at×\frac{t}{2}+at×\frac{t}{2}+\frac{1}{2}×\frac{at}{2}×\frac{t}{2}\right)=\frac{7}{8}a{t}^{2}$
∴ Distance covered by A < Distance covered by B

#### Question 8:

If a particle is accelerating, it is either speeding up or speeding down. Do you agree with this statement?

Acceleration does not mean speeding up or speeding down. It means the change of velocity either in direction or in magnitude.

#### Question 9:

A food packet is dropped from a plane going at an altitude of 100 m. What is the path of the packet as seen from the plane? What is the path as seen from the ground? If someone asks "what is the actual path", what will you answer?

The path of the packet (as seen from the plane) is a vertically downward straight line, as the horizontal velocity of the packet and the plane is the same.
As seen from the ground, the path of the packet is a parabola.
The path is defined with respect to some reference frame. As there is no absolute reference frame, no actual path is defined.

#### Question 10:

Give examples where (a) the velocity of a particle is zero but its acceleration is not zero, (b) the velocity is opposite in direction to the acceleration, (c) the velocity is perpendicular to the acceleration.

(a) At the highest point when a particle is thrown vertically upwards.

(b) While going up when a particle is thrown vertically upwards.

(c) At the highest point of a full projectile.

#### Question 11:

In figure shows the x coordinate of a particle as a function of time. Find the sings of vx and ax at t = t1, t = t2 and t = t3.
Figure

Slope of the xt graph gives the velocity and change in the slope gives the acceleration.
At t = t1,
Slope = Positive ⇒ Velocity = Positive
Slope is increasing ⇒ Acceleration = Positive

At t = t2,
Slope = Constant ⇒ Velocity = Zero
Slope is constant ⇒ Acceleration = Negative

At t = t3,
Slope = Negative ⇒ Velocity = Negative
Slope is increasing ⇒ Acceleration = Negative

#### Question 12:

A player hits a baseball at some angle. The ball goes high up in space. The player runs and catches the ball before it hits the ground. Which of the two (the player or the ball) has greater displacement?

The displacement of the ball and the player is the same, as the initial and final points are the same.

#### Question 13:

The increase in the speed of a car is proportional to the additional petrol put into the engine. Is it possible to accelerate a car without putting more petrol or less petrol into the engine?

Yes, it is possible to accelerate a car without putting more petrol or less petrol in the engine. This can be done by driving the car on a circular or curved track at a uniform speed.

#### Question 14:

Rain is falling vertically. A man running on the road keeps his umbrella tilted but a man standing on the street keeps his umbrella vertical to protect himself from the rain. But both of them keep their umbrella vertical to avoid the vertical sun-rays. Explain.

The speed of rain is less, so as we run, the direction of the relative velocity of the rain changes. But as the speed of light is very high, there is a measurable change in the relative velocity of light w.r.t. a person due to the relative motion between the sunrays and the person.

#### Question 1:

A motor car is going due north at a speed of 50 km/h. It makes a 90° left turn without changing the speed. The change in the velocity of the car is about
(a) 50 km/h towards west
(b) 70 km/h towards south-west
(c) 70 km/h towards north-west
(d) zero.

(b) 70 km/h towards south-west

Final velocity,
Initial velocity,
Change in velocity, $∆\stackrel{\to }{V}=\stackrel{\to }{{V}_{f}}-\stackrel{\to }{{V}_{i}}$
$\left|∆V\right|=\sqrt{{50}^{2}+{50}^{2}+2×50×50\mathrm{cos}\left(90°\right)}=70\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{h}$
It is towards southwest, as shown in the figure.

#### Question 2:

In figure shows the displacement-time graph of a particle moving on the X-axis.

Figure

(a) the particle is continuously going in positive x direction
(b) the particle is at rest
(c) the velocity increases up to a time t0, and them become constant
(d) the particle moves at a constant velocity up to a time t0, and then stops.

(d) The particle moves at a constant velocity up to a time t0 and then stops.

The slope of the xt graph gives the velocity. In the graph, the slope is constant from t = 0 to t = t0, so the velocity is constant. After t = t0, the displacement is zero; i.e., the particle stops.

#### Question 3:

A particle has a velocity u towards east at t = 0. Its acceleration is towards west and is constant. Let xA and xB be the magnitude of displacements in the first 10 seconds and the next 10 seconds
(a) xA < xB
(b) xA = xB
(c) xA > xB
(d) the information is insufficient to decide the relation of xA with xB.

(d) The information is insufficient to decide the relation of xA with xB.

As velocity and acceleration are in opposite directions, velocity will become zero after some time (t) and the particle will return.

Because the value of acceleration is not given, we cannot say that the particle will return after/before 10 seconds.

#### Question 4:

A person travelling on a straight line moves with a uniform velocity v1 for some time and with uniform velocity v2 for the next equal time. The average velocity v is given by
(a) $v=\frac{{v}_{1}+{v}_{2}}{2}$
(b) $v=\sqrt{{v}_{1}{v}_{2}}$
(c) $\frac{2}{v}=\frac{1}{{v}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{v}_{2}}$
(d) $\frac{1}{v}=\frac{1}{{v}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{v}_{2}}$

(a) $v=\frac{{v}_{1}+{v}_{2}}{2}$

Velocity is uniform in both cases; that is, acceleration is zero.
We have:
${d}_{1}={v}_{1}t$ and ${d}_{2}={v}_{2}t$
Total displacement, $d={d}_{1}+{d}_{2}$
Total time, $t=t+t=2t$
$\therefore$ Average velocity, $v=\frac{{d}_{1}+{d}_{2}}{2t}=\frac{{v}_{1}+{v}_{2}}{2}$

#### Question 5:

A person travelling on a straight line moves with a uniform velocity v1 for a distance x and with a uniform velocity v2 for the next equal distance. The average velocity v is given by
(a) $v=\frac{{v}_{1}+{v}_{2}}{2}$
(b) $v=\sqrt{{v}_{1}{v}_{2}}$
(c) $\frac{2}{v}=\frac{1}{{v}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{v}_{2}}$
(d) $\frac{1}{v}=\frac{1}{{v}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{v}_{2}}$

(c) $\frac{2}{v}=\frac{1}{{v}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{v}_{2}}$

Velocity is uniform in both cases; that is, acceleration is zero.
$x={v}_{1}{t}_{1}⇒{t}_{1}=\frac{x}{{v}_{1}}$
$x={v}_{2}{t}_{2}⇒{t}_{2}=\frac{x}{{v}_{2}}$
Total displacement, $x\text{'}=2x$
Total time, $t={t}_{1}+{t}_{2}$
$\therefore$ Average velocity, $v=\frac{x\text{'}}{t}=\frac{2{v}_{1}{v}_{2}}{{v}_{1}+{v}_{2}}$
$⇒\frac{2}{v}=\frac{1}{{v}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{v}_{2}}$

#### Question 6:

A stone is released from an elevator going up with an acceleration a. The acceleration of the stone after the release is
(a) a upward
(b) (ga) upward
(c) (ga) downward
(d) g downward

(d) g downward

Gravity is the only force acting on the stone when it is released. And, we know that gravity is always in the downward direction.

#### Question 7:

A person standing near the edge of the top of a building throws two balls A and B. the ball A is thrown vertically upward and B is thrown vertically downward with the same speed. The ball A hits the ground with a speed vA and the ball B this the ground with a speed vB. We have
(a) vA > vB
(b) vA < vB
(c) vA = vB
(d) the relation between vA and vB depends on height of the building above the ground.

(c) vA = vB

Total energy of any particle = $\frac{1}{2}m{v}^{2}+mgh$
Both the particles were at the same height and thrown with equal initial velocities, so their initial total energies are equal. By the law of conservation of energy, their final energies are equal.
At the ground, they are at the same height. So, their P.E. are also equal; this implies that their K.E. should also be equal. In other words, their final velocities are equal.

#### Question 8:

In a projectile motion the velocity
(a) is always perpendicular to the acceleration
(b) is never perpendicular to the acceleration
(c) is perpendicular to the acceleration for one instant only
(d) is perpendicular to the acceleration for two instants.

(c) is perpendicular to the acceleration for one instant only

In projectile motion, velocity is perpendicular to acceleration only at the highest point. Here, velocity is along the horizontal direction and acceleration is along the vertically downward direction.

#### Question 9:

Two bullets are fired simultaneously, horizontally and with different speeds from the same place. Which bullet will hit he ground first?
(a) the faster one
(b) the slower one
(c) both will reach simultaneously
(d) depends on the masses.

(c) Both will reach simultaneously.

Because the downward acceleration and the initial velocity in downward direction of the two bullets are the same, they will take the same time to hit the ground and for a half projectile.
Time of flight = T =$\sqrt{\frac{2h}{g}}$

#### Question 10:

The range of a projectile fired at an angle of 15° is 50 m. If it is fired with the same speed at an angle of 45°, its range will be
(a) 25 m
(b) 37 m
(c) 50 m
(d) 100 m

(d) 100 m

For the same u range, $R\propto \mathrm{sin}\left(2\theta \right)$.
So,
$\frac{{R}_{1}}{{R}_{2}}=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\left(2{\theta }_{1}\right)}{\mathrm{sin}\left(2{\theta }_{2}\right)}$

#### Question 11:

Two projectiles A and B are projected with angle of projection 15° for the projectile A and 45° for the projectile B. If RA and RB be the horizontal range for the two projectiles, then
(a) RA < RB
(b) RA > RB
(c) RA = RB
(d) the information is insufficient to decide the relation of RA with RB.

(d) The information is insufficient to decide the relation of RA with RB.

Horizontal range for the projectile, $R=\frac{{u}^{2}\mathrm{sin}\left(2\alpha \right)}{g}$
Information of the initial velocity is not given in the question.

#### Question 12:

A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of 5 metres per minute. A man on the south bank of the river, capable of swimming at 10 metres per minute in still water, wants to swim across the river in the shortest time. He should swim in a direction.
(a) due north
(b) 30° east of north
(c) 30° north of west
(d) 60° east of north.

(a) due north

If the man swims at any angle east to the north direction, although his relative speed will increase, he will have to travel a larger distance. So, he will take more time.
If the man swims at any angle west to the north direction, his relative speed will decrease. So, he will take more time.

#### Question 13:

In the arrangement shown in figure the ends P and Q of an inextensible string move downwards with uniform speed u. Pulleys A and B are fixed. The mass M moves upwards with a speed
(a) 2u cos θ
(b) u/cos θ
(c) 2u/cos θ
(d) u cos θ
Figure

(b) $v=\frac{u}{\mathrm{cos}\left(\theta \right)}$

Along the string, the velocity of each object is the same.
$2v\mathrm{cos}\left(\theta \right)=2u\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}v=\frac{u}{\mathrm{cos}\left(\theta \right)}$

#### Question 1:

Consider the motion of the tip of the minute hand of a clock. In one hour
(a) the displacement is zero
(b) the distance covered is zero
(c) the average speed is zero
(d) the average velocity is zero

(a) the displacement is zero
(d) the average velocity is zero

Displacement is zero because the initial and final positions are the same.

Average velocity =

Distance covered = $2\mathrm{\pi }r$ ≠ 0

Average speed =

#### Question 2:

A particle moves along the X-axis as
x = u (t − 2 s) + a (t − 2 s)2.
(a) the initial velocity of the particle is u
(b) the acceleration of the particle is a
(c) the acceleration of the particle is 2a
(d) at t = 2 s particle is at the origin.

(c) the acceleration of the particle is 2a
(d) at t = 2 s, the particle is at the origin

Initial velocity = ${\left|\frac{dx}{dt}\right|}_{t=0}$
$\frac{dx}{dt}=u+2a\left(t-2s\right)$
${\left|\frac{dx}{dt}\right|}_{t=0}=u-4as\ne u$

Acceleration =$\frac{{d}^{2}x}{d{t}^{2}}=2a$
At t = 2 s,
x = u(2 s − 2 s) + a (2 s − 2 s)2 = 0 (origin)

#### Question 3:

Pick the correct statements:
(a) Average speed of a particle in a given time is never less than the magnitude of the average velocity.
(b) It is possible to have a situation in which
(c) The average velocity of a particle is zero in a time interval. It is possible that the instantaneous velocity is never zero is the interval.
(d) The average velocity of a particle moving on a straight line is zero in a time interval. It is possible that the instantaneous velocity is never zero in the interval. (Infinite accelerations are not allowed).

(a) Average speed of a particle in a given time is never less than the magnitude of the average velocity.
(b) It is possible to have a situation in which .
(c) The average velocity of a particle is zero in a time interval. It is possible that the instantaneous velocity is never zero in the interval, for example, the motion of a particle on a circular track with a constant speed.
Average velocity =
Displacement ≤ Distance
$\therefore$ Average velocity ≤ Average speed
In uniform circular motion, speed is constant but velocity is not.
i.e., which proves case (b)

(d) In one complete circle of uniform motion, average velocity is zero. Instantaneous velocity is never zero in the interval.

#### Question 4:

An object may have
(a) varying speed without having varying velocity
(b) varying velocity without having varying speed
(c) nonzero acceleration without having varying velocity
(d) nonzero acceleration without having varying speed.

(b) varying velocity without having varying speed
(d) nonzero acceleration without having varying speed

Velocity and acceleration are vector quantities that can be changed by changing direction only (keeping magnitude constant).

#### Question 5:

Mark the correct statements for a particle going on a straight line:
(a) If the velocity and acceleration have opposite sign, the object is slowing down.
(b) If the position and velocity have opposite sign the particle is moving towards the origin.
(c) If the velocity is zero at an instant, the acceleration should also be zero at that instant.
(d) If the velocity is zero for a time interval, the acceleration is zero at any instant within the time interval.

(a) If the velocity and acceleration have opposite signs, the object slows down.
(b) If the position and velocity have opposite signs, the particle moves towards the origin.
(d) If the velocity is zero for a time interval, the acceleration is zero at any instant within the time interval.

(a) Acceleration is given by
$-a=\frac{dv}{dt}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}-a<0\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}⇒\frac{dv}{dt}<0\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}⇒{V}_{\mathrm{final}}<{V}_{\mathrm{initial}}$

(b) If the position and velocity have opposite signs, the particle moves towards the origin. It can be explained by following figure:

(c) If the velocity is zero in a certain time interval, then the change in the velocity in that time interval will also be zero. As acceleration is rate of change of velocity, it will also be zero at an instant in that time interval.

#### Question 6:

The velocity of a particle is zero at t = 0.
(a) The acceleration at t = 0 must be zero.
(b) The acceleration at t = 0 may be zero.
(c) If the acceleration is zero from t = 0 to t = 10 s, the speed is also zero in this interval.
(d) If the speed is zero from t = 0 to t = 10 s the acceleration is also zero in this interval.

(b) The acceleration at t = 0 may be zero.
(c) If the acceleration is zero from t = 0 s to t = 10 s, the speed is also zero in this interval.
(d) If the speed is zero from t = 0 s to t = 10 s, the acceleration is also zero in this interval.

(b) Acceleration will be zero only when the change in velocity is zero.

(c) Since the acceleration is zero from t = 0 s to t = 10 s, change in velocity is 0.
Velocity in this interval = Initial velocity = 0
Also,
Speed in this interval = Initial speed = 0

(d) From t = 0 s to t = 10 s, speed is zero.
Here, velocity is zero and initial velocity is zero.
So, the change in velocity is zero; i.e., acceleration is zero.

#### Question 7:

Mark the correct statements:
(a) The magnitude of the velocity of a particle is equal to its speed.
(b) The magnitude of average velocity in an interval is equal to its average speed in that interval.
(c) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed of a particle is always zero but the average speed is not zero.
(d) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed of the particle is never zero but the average speed in an interval is zero.

(a) The magnitude of the velocity of a particle is equal to its speed.

(a) Velocity being a vector quantity has magnitude as well as direction, and magnitude of velocity is called speed.

(b) Average velocity =

Average speed =
Distance$\ge$Displacement
∴ Average speed$\ge$Average velocity
The magnitude of average velocity in an interval is not always equal to its average speed in that interval.

(c) If speed is always zero, then the distance travelled is always zero. Hence, the total distance travelled and the average speed will be zero.

(d) If the speed of a particle is never zero, the distance travelled by the particle is never zero. Hence, the average speed will not be zero.

#### Question 8:

The velocity-time plot for a particle moving on a straight line is shown in the figure.
Figure

(a) The particle has a constant acceleration.
(b) The particle has never turned around.
(c) The particle has zero displacement.
(d) The average speed in the interval 0 to 10 s is the same as the average speed in the interval 10 s to 20 s.

(a) The particle has a constant acceleration.
(d) The average speed in the interval 0 s to 10 s is the same as the average speed in the interval 10 s to 20 s.

Explanation:
(a) The slope of the v–t graph gives the acceleration. For the given graph, the slope is constant. So, acceleration is constant.

(b) From 0 to 10 seconds, velocity is in positive direction and then in negative direction. This means that the particle turns around at t = 10 s.

(c) Area in the v–t curve gives the distance travelled by the particle.
Distance travelled in positive direction$\ne$Distance travelled in negative direction
∴ Displacement$\ne$Zero

(d) The area of the v–t graph from t = 0 s to t = 10 s is the same as that from t = 10 s to t = 20 s. So, the distance covered is the same. Hence, the average speed is the same.

#### Question 9:

In figure shows the position of a particle moving on the X-axis as a function of time.
(a) The particle has come to rest 6 times.
(b) The maximum speed is at t = 6s.
(c) The velocity remains positive for t = 0 to t = 6s.
(d) The average velocity for the total period shown is negative.
Figure

(a) The particle has come to rest 6 times.

Explanation:
(a) The slope of the x–t graph gives the velocity. Here, 6 times the slope is zero. So, the particle has come to rest 6 times.

(b) As the slope is not maximum at t = 6 s, the maximum speed is not at t = 6 s.

(c) As the slope is not positive from t = 0 s to t = 6s, the velocity does not remain positive.

(d) Average velocity =
For the shown time (t = 6 s), the displacement of the particle is positive. Therefore, the average velocity is positive.

#### Question 10:

The accelerations of a particle as seen from two frames S1 and S2 have equal magnitude 4 m/s2.
(a) The frames must be at rest with respect to each other.
(b) The frames may be moving with respect to each other.
(c) The acceleration of S2 with respect to S1 may either be zero of 8 m/s2.
(d) The acceleration of S2 with respect to S1 may be anything between zero and 8 m/s2.

(d) The acceleration of S2 with respect to S1 may be anything between zero and 8 m/s2.

Explanation:
${\stackrel{\to }{a}}_{{s}_{2}{s}_{1}}={\stackrel{\to }{a}}_{{s}_{2}\mathrm{p}}+{\stackrel{\to }{a}}_{\mathrm{p}{s}_{1}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\left|{\stackrel{\to }{a}}_{{s}_{2}{s}_{1}}\right|=\sqrt{{4}^{2}+{4}^{2}+32\mathrm{cos}\left(\theta \right)}$
$-1<\mathrm{cos}\left(\theta \right)<1\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}$
$0<{\stackrel{\to }{a}}_{{s}_{2}{s}_{1}}<8$

#### Question 1:

A man has to go 50 m due north, 40 m due east and 20 m due south to reach a field. (a) What distance he has to walk to reach the field? (b) What is his displacement from his house to the field?

(a) Distance travelled by the man = AB + BC + CD = 50 + 40 + 20 = 110 m

(b) AF = AB − BF = 50 − 20 = 30 m

Displacement = Final position − Initial position = AD

In ∆AED,

Displacement from the house to the field = 50 m in the direction north to east.

#### Question 2:

A particle starts from the origin, goes along the X-axis to the point (20 m, 0) and then return along the same line to the point (−20 m, 0). Find the distance and displacement of the particle during the trip.

Let the points be O(0,0), A(20 m, 0) and B(−20 m, 0).
(i) Distance travelled = OA + AB = 20 + 40 = 60 m
(ii) Displacement = OB = 20 m (in the negative direction)

#### Question 3:

It is 260 km from Patna to Ranchi by air and 320 km by road. An aeroplane takes 30 minutes to go from Patna to Ranchi whereas a delux bus takes 8 hours. (a) Find the average speed of the plane. (b) Find the average speed of the bus. (c) Find the average velocity of the plane. (d) Find the average velocity of the bus.

(a) Average speed of the plane, savg

(b) Average speed of the bus, Savg

(c) The plane moves in a straight path.
Average velocity = Average speed = (Patna to Ranchi)

(d) Straight path distance from Patna to Ranchi = Displacement of the bus = 260 km
(Patna to Ranchi)

#### Question 4:

When a person leaves his home for sightseeing by his car, the meter reads 12352 km. When he returns home after two hours the reading is 12416 km. (a) What is the average speed of the care during this period? (b) What is the average of velocity?

(a) Total distance covered = 12416 − 12352 = 64 km

(b) Because he returns to his house, the displacement is zero. So, the average velocity is zero.

#### Question 5:

An athlete takes 2.0 s to reach his maximum speed of 18.0 km/h. What is the magnitude of this average acceleration.

Initial velocity, u = 0
Final velocity, v = 18 km/h = 5 m/s
Time interval, t = 2 s
Using $v=u+at$, we get:

#### Question 6:

The speed of a car as a function of time is shown in figure (3-E1). Find the distance travelled by the car in 8 seconds and its acceleration.

Figure

Slope of the v–t graph gives the acceleration.
Slope =

Area in the v–t graph gives the distance travelled.
Distance travelled = Area of ∆OAB
=

#### Question 7:

The acceleration of a cart started at t = 0, varies with time as shown in figure (3-E2). Find the  distance travelled in 30 seconds and draw the position-time graph.

In the first 10 seconds,
${\mathrm{S}}_{1}=ut+\frac{1}{2}a{t}^{2}$

At t = 10 s,
v = u + at = 0 + 5 × 10 = 50 ft/s
∴ From 10 to 20 seconds (∆t = 20 − 10 = 10 s), the particle moves with a uniform velocity of 50 ft/s.
Distance covered from t = 10 s to t = 20 s:
S2 = 50 × 10 = 500 ft

Between 20 s to 30 s, acceleration is constant, i.e., −5 ft/s2.
At 20 s, velocity is 50 ft/s.
t = 30 − 20 = 10 s

Total distance travelled is 30 s:
S1 + S2 + S3
= 250 + 500 + 250
= 1000 ft

The positiontime graph:

#### Question 8:

Figure (3-E3) Shows the graph of velocity versus time for a particle going along the X-axis. Find (a) the acceleration, (b) the distance travelled in 0 to 10 s and (c) the displacement in 0 to 10 s.

Figure

(a) Slope of the v–t graph gives the acceleration.
Acceleration

(b) Area in the v–t graph gives the distance travelled.
Distance travelled = Area of ∆ABC + Area of rectangle OABD
=

(c) Displacement is the same as the distance travelled.
Displacement = 50 m

#### Question 9:

Figure (3-E4) shows the graph of the x-coordinate of a particle going along the X-axis as a function of time. Find (a) the average velocity during 0 to 10 s, (b) instantaneous velocity at 2, 5, 9 and 12s.

Figure

(a) Displacement from t = 0 s to t = 10 s:
x = 100 m
Time = 10 s
Average velocity from 0 to 10 seconds,

(b) Slope of the x–t graph gives the velocity.
At 2.5 s, slope = $\frac{50-0}{2.5-0}=20$.
vinst = 20 m/s
At 5 s, vinst = 0.
At 8 s, vinst = 20 m/s.
At 12 s, vinst = −20 m/s.

#### Question 10:

From the velocity-time plot shown in figure (3−E5), find the distance travelled by the particle during the first 40 seconds. Also find the average velocity during this period.

Figure

Area shown in the v–t graph gives the distance travelled.
∴ Distance travelled in the first 40 seconds = Area of ∆OAB + Area of ∆BCD

As the displacement is zero, the average velocity is zero.

#### Question 11:

Figure (3−E6) shows x-t graph of a particle. Find the time t such that the average velocity of the particle during the period 0 to t is zero.

Figure

Consider point B1 at 12 s.

At t = 0 s, S = 20 m and at t = 12 s, S = 20 m.
For the time interval 0–12, change in the displacement is zero.

Hence, the time is 12 seconds.

#### Question 12:

FigureA particle starts from a point A and travels along the solid curve shown in figure (3−E7). Find approximately the position B of the particle such that the average velocity between the position A and B has the same direction as the instantaneous velocity at B.

At position B , the instantaneous velocity of the particle has the direction along $\stackrel{\to }{\mathrm{BC}}$.

Average velocity between A and B, ${\mathrm{V}}_{av}=\frac{\mathrm{Displacement}}{\mathrm{Time}}$$=\left(\frac{\stackrel{\to }{\mathrm{AB}}}{t}\right)$
We can see that $\stackrel{\to }{\mathrm{AB}}$ and $\stackrel{\to }{\mathrm{BC}}$ are in the same direction. The point is B (5 m, 3 m).

#### Question 13:

An object having a velocity 4.0 m/s is accelerated at the rate of 1.2 m/s2 for 5.0 s. Find the distance travelled during the period of acceleration.

Given:
Velocity, u = 4.0 m/s
Acceleration, a = 1.2 m/s2
Time, t = 5.0 s
Distance travelled:
$s=ut+\frac{1}{2}a{t}^{2}$

#### Question 14:

A person travelling at 43.2 km/h applies the brake giving a deceleration of 6.0 m/s2 to his scooter. How far will it travel before stopping?

Initial velocity, u = 43.2 km/h = 12 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0
Acceleration, a = −6 m/s2
From ${v}^{2}={u}^{2}+2as$, we get:
Distance, $s=\frac{{v}^{2}-{u}^{2}}{2\left(a\right)}$

#### Question 15:

A train starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 for half a minute. The brakes are then applied and the train comes to rest in one minute. Find (a) the total distance moved by the train, (b) the maximum speed attained by the train and (c) the position(s) of the train at half the maximum speed.

Initial velocity, u = 0
Acceleration, a = 2 m/s2
Let the final velocity be v before the brakes are applied.
Now,
t = 30 s
v = u + at
v = 0 + 2 × 30
⇒ v = 60 m/s

(a)

When the brakes are applied:
u' = 60 m/s
v' = 0
t = 1 min = 60 s
Acceleration:

s = s1 + s2 = 1800 + 900 = 2700 m
s = 2.7 km

(b) Maximum speed attained by the train, v = 60 m/s

(c) Half the maximum speed
When the train is accelerating with an acceleration of 2 m/s2:

Distance, $\mathrm{s}=\frac{{v}^{2}-{u}^{2}}{2a\text{'}}$$=\frac{{30}^{2}-{0}^{2}}{2×2}$
s = 225 m

When the train is decelerating with an acceleration of $-$1 m/s2:
Distance, $\mathrm{s}=\frac{{v}^{2}-{u}^{2}}{2a\text{'}}$$=\frac{{30}^{2}-{60}^{2}}{2\left(-1\right)}$
s = 1350 m
Position from the starting point = 900 + 1350 = 2250
= 2.25 km

#### Question 16:

A bullet travelling with a velocity of 16 m/s penetrates a tree trunk and comes to rest in 0.4 m. Find the time taken during the retardation.

Initial velocity, u = 16 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0
Distance, s = 0.4 m
Acceleration, $a=\frac{{v}^{2}-{u}^{2}}{2\mathrm{s}}$

Time,

#### Question 17:

A bullet going with speed 350 m/s enters a concrete wall and penetrates a distance of 5.0 cm before coming to rest. Find the deceleration.

Initial velocity, u = 350 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0
Distance travelled by the bullet before coming to rest, s = 5 m

∴ Deceleration = 12.2 × 105 m/s2

#### Question 18:

A particle starting from rest moves with constant acceleration. If it takes 5.0 s to reach the speed 18.0 km/h find (a) the average velocity during this period, and (b) the distance travelled by the particle during this period.

Initial velocity of the particle, u = 0
Final velocity of the particle, v = 18 km/h = 5 m/s
Time, t = 5 s
Acceleration, a = (vu)/t
a = (5 − 0)/5 = 1 m/s2
Distance, $s=ut+\frac{1}{2}a{t}^{2}$

(a) Average velocity,

(b) Distance travelled, s = 12.5 m

#### Question 19:

A driver takes 0.20 s to apply the brakes after he sees a need for it. This is called the reaction time of the driver. If he is driving a car at a speed of 54 km/h and the brakes cause a deceleration of 6.0 m/s2, find the distance travelled by the car after he sees the need to put the brakes on.

In the reaction time, the car moves with a constant speed of 54 km/h, i.e., 15 m/s.
Distance travelled in this time, s1 = 15 × 0.2 = 3 m
When the brakes are applied:
Initial velocity of the car, u = 15 m/s
Final velocity of the car, v = 0
Acceleration, a = −6 m/s2
Distance, ${s}_{2}=\frac{{v}^{2}-{u}^{2}}{2a}$ = 18.75 m
Total distance, s = s1 + s2
⇒ s = 3 + 18.75 = 21.75 m
s$\approx$22 m

#### Question 20:

Complete the following table:

 Car Model Driver X Reaction time 0.20 s Driver Y Reaction time 0.30 s A (deceleration on hard braking = 6.0 m/s2) Speed = 54 km/h Braking distance a = ............ Total stopping distance b = ............ Speed = 72 km/h Braking distance c = ........... Total stopping distance d = ............ B (deceleration on hard braking = 7.5 m/s2) Speed = 54 km/h Breaking distance e = ........... Total stopping distance f = ............ Speed 72 km/h Braking distance g = ............. Total stopping distance h = ............

Braking distance: Distance travelled after the brakes are applied.
Total stopping distance = Braking distance + Distance travelled in the reaction time

Case A:
Deceleration = 6.0 m/s2
For driver X:
Initial velocity, u = 54 km/h = 15 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0
Braking distance,
Distance travelled in the reaction time = 15 × 0.20 = 3 m
Total stopping distance, b = 19 + 3 = 22 m

For driver Y:
Initial velocity, u = 72 km/h = 20 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0
Braking distance,
Distance travelled in the reaction time = 20 × 0.30 = 6 m
Total stopping distance, d = 33 + 6 = 39 m

Case B:
Deceleration = 6.0 m/s2
Now, we have:
e = 15 m
f = 18 m
g = 27 m
h = 33 m

 Car Model Driver X Reaction Time = 0.20 s Driver Y Reaction Time = 0.30 s A (deceleration on hard braking = 6.0 m/s2) Speed = 54 km/h Braking distance, a = 19 m Total stopping distance, b = 22 m Speed = 72 km/h Braking distance, c = 33 m Total stopping distance, d = 39 m B (deceleration on hard braking = 7.5 m/s2) Speed = 54 km/h Breaking distance, e = 15 m Total stopping distance, f = 18 m Speed = 72 km/h Braking distance, g = 27 m Total stopping distance, h = 33 m

#### Question 21:

A police jeep is chasing a culprit going on a motorbike. The motorbike crosses a turning at a speed of 72 km/h. The jeep follows it at a speed of 90 km/h, crossing the turning ten seconds later than the bike. Assuming that they travel at constant speeds, how far from the turning will the jeep catch up with the bike?

Velocity of the police jeep, vp = 90 km/h = 25 m/s
Velocity of the culprit riding the motorbike, vc = 72 km/h = 20 m/s

In 10 seconds, the culprit reaches point B from point A.
Distance covered by the culprit:
s = vct = 20 × 10 = 200 m

At time t = 10 s, the police jeep is 200 m behind the culprit.
Relative velocity between the police jeep and the culprit:
25 − 20 = 5 m/s

In 40 seconds, the police jeep moves from point A to a distance s' to catch the culprit.
Here,
s' = vpt = 25 × 40
s' = 1000 m = 1.0 km
Thus, the jeep will catch up with the bike 1.0 km away from the turning.

#### Question 22:

A car travelling at 60 km/h overtakes another car travelling at 42 km/h. Assuming each car to be 5.0 m long, find the time taken during the overtake and the total road distance used for the overtake.

Velocity of the first car, v1 = 60 km/h = 16.7 m/s
Velocity of the second car, v2 = 42 km/h = 11.7 m/s
Relative velocity between the cars = (16.7 − 11.7) = 5 m/s
Distance travelled by the first car w.r.t. the second car = 5 + 5 = 10 m
Time, = 2 s
Distance covered by the first car w.r.t. the ground in 2 s = 16.7 × 2 = 33.4 m
The first car also covers a distance equal to its own length = 5 m
∴ Total road distance used for the overtake = 33.4 + 5 ≈ 38 m

#### Question 23:

A ball is projected vertically upward with a speed of 50 m/s. Find (a) the maximum height, (b) the time to reach the maximum height, (c) the speed at half the maximum height. Take g = 10 m/s2.

Given:
Initial speed of the ball, u = 50 m/s
Acceleration, a = −10 m/s2
At the highest point, velocity v of the ball is 0.

(a) $s=\frac{{v}^{2}-{u}^{2}}{2a}$
⇒
Maximum height = 125 m

(b)

(c)
From v2u2 = 2as, we have:

#### Question 24:

A ball is dropped from a balloon going up at a speed of 7 m/s. If the balloon was at a height 60 m at the time of dropping the ball, how long will the ball take in reaching the ground?

Given:
Height of the balloon from the ground, s = 60 m
Balloon is moving upwards with velocity 7 m/s.
The balloon and the ball are moving upwards with the same speed.
When the ball is dropped, its initial velocity (u) is −7 m/s.
Acceleration due to gravity, a = g = 9.8 m/s2
Using the equation of motion, we have:
$s=ut+\frac{1}{2}a{t}^{2}$

We will ignore the −ve sign in the above equation because time can never be negative.

Time taken by the ball to reach the ground = 4.3 s

#### Question 25:

A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 28 m/s. (a) Find the maximum height reached by the stone. (b) Find its velocity one second before it reaches the maximum height. (c) Does the answer of part (b) change if the initial speed is more than 28 m/s such as 40 m/s or 80 m/s?

Given:
Initial velocity with which the stone is thrown vertically upwards, u = 28 m/s
When the stone reaches the ground, its final velocity (v) is 0.
Also,
a = g = −9.8 m/s2  (Acceleration due to gravity)
(a) Maximum height can be found using the equation of motion.
Thus, we have:
v2u2 = 2as
$\mathrm{s}=\frac{{v}^{2}-{u}^{2}}{2a}$
On putting respective values, we get:

(b) Total time taken by the stone to reach the maximum height:
$t=\frac{\left(v-u\right)}{a}$

As per the question, we need to find the velocity of the stone one second before it reaches the maximum height.
t' = 2.85 − 1 = 1.85 s
Again, using the equation of motion, we get:
v' = u + at' = 28 − 9.8 × 1.85
⇒ v' = 28 − 18.13 = 9.87 m/s
Hence, the velocity is 9.87 m/s

(c) No answer of part (b) will not change, as after one second, the velocity becomes zero for any initial velocity and acceleration (a = − 9.8 m/s2) remains the same. For any initial velocity more than 28 m/s, only the maximum height increases.

#### Question 26:

A person sitting on the top of a tall building is dropping balls at regular intervals of one second. Find the positions of the 3rd, 4th and 5th ball when the 6th ball is being dropped.

A person is releasing balls from a tall building at regular intervals of one second.
It means for each ball, the initial velocity u is 0.
Acceleration due to gravity, a = g = 9.8 m/s2
When the 6th ball is dropped, the 5th ball moves for 1 second, the 4th ball moves for 2 seconds and the 3rd ball moves for 3 seconds.
Position of the 3rd ball after t = 3 s:
Using the equation of motion, we get:
${\mathrm{s}}_{3}=ut+\frac{1}{2}a{t}^{2}$

(from the top of the building)

Position of the 4th ball after t = 2 s:
${\mathrm{s}}_{4}=ut+\frac{1}{2}a{t}^{2}$

(from the top of the building)

Position of the 5th ball after t = 1 s:
${\mathrm{s}}_{5}=ut+\frac{1}{2}a{t}^{2}$

(from the top of the building)

#### Question 27:

A healthy youngman standing at a distance of 7 m from a 11.8 m high building sees a kid slipping from the top floor. With what speed (assumed uniform) should he run to catch the kid at the arms height (1.8 m)?

Given:
Height of the building = 11.8 m
Distance of the young man from the building = 7 m
The kid should be caught over 1.8 m from ground.
As the kid is slipping, his initial velocity u is 0.
Acceleration, a = 9.8 m/s2
Let s be the distance before which the kid has to be caught = 11.8 − 1.8 = 10 m
Using the equation of motion, we get:
$s=ut+\frac{1}{2}a{t}^{2}$

This is the time in which the man should reach the bottom of the building to catch the kid.
Velocity with which the man should run:

#### Question 28:

An NCC parade is going at a uniform speed of 6 km/h through a place under a berry tree on which a bird is sitting at a height of 12.1 m. At a particular instant the bird drops a berry. Which cadet (give the distance from the tree at the instant) will receive the berry on his uniform?

Speed of the NCC cadets = 6 km/h = 1.66 m/s
Distance of the bird from the ground, s = 12.1 m
Initial velocity of the berry dropped by the bird, u = 0
Acceleration due to gravity, a = g = 9.8 m/s2
Using the equation of motion, we can find the time taken t by the berry to reach the ground.
Thus, we have:

Distance moved by the cadets = v × t = 1.57 × 1.66 = 2.6 m
Therefore, the cadet who is 2.6 m away from tree will receive the berry on his uniform.

#### Question 29:

A ball is dropped from a height. If it takes 0.200 s to cross the last 6.00 m before hitting the ground, find the height from which it was dropped. Take g = 10 m/s2.

Given:
Distance travelled by the ball in 0.200 seconds = 6 m
Let:
Time, t = 0.200 s
Distance, s = 6 m
a = g = 10 m/s2 (Acceleration due to gravity)
Using the equation of motion, we get:

Let h be the height from which the ball is dropped.
We have:
u = 0 and v = 29 m/s
Now,

∴ Total height = 42.05 + 6 = 48.05 m ≈ 48 m

#### Question 30:

A ball is dropped from a height of 5 m onto a sandy floor and penetrates the sand up to 10 cm before coming to rest. Find the retardation of the ball is sand assuming it to be uniform.

A ball is dropped from a height of 5 m (s) above the sand level.
The same ball penetrates the sand up to 10 cm (ss) before coming to rest.
Initial velocity of the ball, u = 0
And,
a = g = 9.8 m/s2 (Acceleration due to gravity)
Using the equation of motion, we get:
$\mathrm{s}=ut+\frac{1}{2}a{t}^{2}$

Thus, the time taken by the ball to cover the distance of 5 m is 1.01 seconds.
Velocity of the ball after 1.01 s:
v = u + at
⇒ v = 9.8 × 1.01 = 9.89 m/s
Hence, for the motion of the ball in the sand, the initial velocity u2 should be 9.89 m/s and the final velocity v2 should be 0.
ss = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Again using the equation of motion, we get:

Hence, the sand offers the retardation of 490 m/s2.

#### Question 31:

An elevator is descending with uniform acceleration. To measure the acceleration, a person in the elevator drops a coin at the moment the elevator starts. The coin is 6 ft above the floor of the elevator at the time it is dropped. The person observes that the coin strikes the floor in 1 second. Calculate from these data the acceleration of the elevator.

Given:
Distance between the coin and the floor of the elevator before the coin is dropped = 6 ft
Let a be the acceleration of the elevator.
It is given that the coin reaches the floor in 1 second. This means that the coin travels 6 ft distance.
The initial velocity is u for the coin and  zero for the elevator.
Using the equation of motion, we get:
Equation for the coin:
${s}_{\mathrm{c}}=ut+\frac{1}{2}a\text{'}{t}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}$
Here,
a' = ga ( a' is the acceleration felt by the coin.)
g = Acceleration due to gravity
g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2
On substituting the values, we get:
${s}_{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{1}{2}\left(g-a\right){\left(1\right)}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\frac{1}{2}\left(g-a\right)\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}$
Therefore, we can write:

Hence, the acceleration of the elevator is 20 ft/s2.

#### Question 32:

A ball is thrown horizontally from a point 100 m above the ground with a speed of 20 m/s. Find (a) the time it takes to reach the ground, (b) the horizontal distance it travels before reaching the ground, (c) the velocity (direction and magnitude) with which it strikes the ground.

Given:
Speed of the ball, ux = 20 m/s
Height from which the ball is dropped, h = 100 m

(a) Let t be the time taken by the ball to reach the ground.
Using the equation of motion, we have:
$h={u}_{y}t+\frac{1}{2}g{t}^{2}$
Here,
Acceleration of gravity, g = 9.8 ms−2
Vertical component of velocity, uy = 0

Therefore, the time required by the ball to reach the ground is 4.5 seconds.

(b) Horizontal distance travelled by the ball:
x = uxt = 20 × 4.5 = 90 m

(c) We know that horizontal velocity remains constant throughout the motion of the ball.
At A, vx = 20 m/s.
vy = u + gt = 0 + 9.8 × 4.5
vy = 44.1 m/s
Resultant velocity:

Therefore, the ball strikes the ground with a magnitude of velocity 49 m/s and the direction at an angle of 66° with the ground.

#### Question 33:

A ball is thrown at a speed of 40 m/s at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. Find (a) the maximum height reached and (b) the range of the ball. Take g = 10 m/s2.

Given:
Initial speed of the ball, u = 40 m/s
Angle of projection of the ball with the horizontal, α = 60°
Also,
a = g = 10 m/s2

(a) Maximum height reached by the ball:

(b) Horizontal range of the ball:

#### Question 34:

In a soccer practice session the football is kept at the centre of the filed 40 yards from the 10 ft high goalposts. A goal is attempted by kicking the football at a speed of 64 ft/s at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. Will the ball reach the goal post?

Given:
Height of the goalpost = 10 ft
The football is kept at a distance of 40 yards, i.e., 120 ft, from the goalpost.
Initial speed u with which the ball is hit = 64 ft/s
Acceleration due to gravity, a = g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
For the given question, 40 yards is the horizontal range (R).
Angle of projection, α = 45°
We know that the horizontal range is given by
R = ucosα(t)

Vertical distance covered by the football:

= 6.86 ft < Height of the goalpost
Yes, the football will reach the goalpost.

#### Question 35:

A popular game in Indian villages is goli which is played with small glass balls called golis. The goli of one player is situated at a distance of 2.0 m from the goli of the second player. This second player has to project his goli by keeping the thumb of the left hand at the place of his goli, holding the goli between his two middle fingers and making the throw. If the projected goli hits the goli of the first player, the second player wins. If the height from which the goli is projected is 19.6 cm from the ground and the goli is to be projected horizontally, with what speed should it be projected so that it directly hits the stationery goli without falling on the ground earlier?

Given:
Distance between the golis of the first and second players = 2.0 m = R = Horizontal range
Height h from which the goli is projected by the second player = 19.6 cm = 0.196 m
We know that the goli moves in projectile motion.
Acceleration due to gravity a = g = 9.8 m/s2
The time in which the goli will reach the ground is given by the equation of motion.
As the initial velocity uy in vertical direction is zero, we have:
$s={u}_{\mathrm{y}}t+\frac{1}{2}g{t}^{2}$

Let us assume that the goli is projected with horizontal velocity ux m/s.

The horizontal range is given by
R = uxt

Hence, if the second player projects the goli with a speed of 10 m/s, then his goli will hit the goli of the first player.

#### Question 36:

Figure (3−E8) shows a 11.7 ft wide ditch with the approach roads at an angle of 15° with the horizontal. With what minimum speed should a motorbike be moving on the road so that it safely crosses the ditch?

Figure

Assume that the length of the bike is 5 ft, and it leaves the road when the front part runs out of the approach road.

Given:
Width of the ditch = 11.7 ft
Length of the bike = 5 ft
The approach road makes an angle of 15˚ (α) with the horizontal.
Total horizontal range that should be covered by the biker to cross the ditch safely, R = 11.7 + 5 = 16.7 ft
Acceleration due to gravity, a = g = 9.8 m/s = 32.2 ft/s2
We know that the horizontal range is given by

By putting respective values, we get:

Therefore, the minimum speed with which the motorbike should be moving is 32 ft/s.

#### Question 37:

A person standing on the top of a cliff 171 ft high has to throw a packet to his friend standing on the ground 228 ft horizontally away. If he throws the packet directly aiming at the friend with a speed of 15.0 ft/s, how short will the packet fall?

Given:
Height (h) of the cliff = 171 ft
Horizontal distance from the bottom of the cliff = 228 ft
As per the question, the person throws the packet directly aiming to his friend at the initial speed (u) of 15.0 ft/s.

From the diagram, we can write:

∴ θ = 37°
When the person throws the packet from the top of the cliff, it moves in projectile motion.
Let us take the reference axis at point A.
u is below the x-axis.
a = g = 32.2 ft/s2 (Acceleration due to gravity)
Using the second equation of motion, we get:

#### Question 38:

A ball is projected from a point on the floor with a speed of 15 m/s at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. Will it hit a vertical wall 5 m away from the point of projection and perpendicular to the plane of projection without hitting the floor? Will the answer differ if the wall is 22 m away?

Given:
Initial speed of the ball, u = 15 m/s
Angle of projection with horizontal, α = 60°
Distance of the wall from the point of projection = 5 m
a = g = 9.8 m/s2  (Acceleration due to gravity)
We know that the horizontal range for a projectile is given by

As the horizontal range of the projectile is 19.88 m, the ball will hit the wall 5 m away from the point of projection. If the wall is 22 m away from the point of projection, the ball will hit the wall because it is not in its horizontal range.

#### Question 39:

Find the average velocity of a projectile between the instants it crosses half the maximum height. It is projected with a speed u at an angle θ with the horizontal.

Given:
Initial velocity of the projectile = u
Angle of projection = θ
To find: Average velocity of the projectile
Average velocity
Consider the projectile motion in the figure given below.

By the symmetry of figure, it can be said that the line joining points A and B is horizontal.
So, there will be no effect of the vertical component of velocity of the projectile during displacement AB.
We know that the projectile moves at a constant velocity ucosθ in horizontal direction.
Hence, the average velocity of the projectile is ucosθ.

#### Question 40:

A bomb is dropped from a plane flying horizontally with uniform speed. Show that the bomb will explode vertically below the plane. Is the statement true if the plane flies with uniform speed but not horizontally?

The plane is flying horizontally with a uniform speed. Therefore, the bomb also has the same speed.
Let the speed of the plane be represented by u.
Now, let t be the time taken by the bomb to reach the ground.
Distance travelled by the bomb in horizontal direction = ut
Both the plane and bomb are travelling in the same direction.
Distance travelled by the plane in the same time = ut
Hence, the bomb will explode vertically below the plane.

(i)

(ii)

When the plane is flying with a uniform speed but not horizontally:
Let us consider it will make an angle of projection θ along the horizontal direction.
So, both the plane and the bomb will be flying with the same angle of projection.
Therefore, both will have the same horizontal speed ucosθ, where is the initial speed of the plane and the bomb.
When the bomb is released, the time taken by the bomb to reach the ground is t.
The distance travelled by the bomb and the plane will be ucosθt.
Hence, again the bomb will explode vertically below the plane.

(i) During the motion of bomb, its horizontal velocity u remains constant and is the same as that of the plane at every point of its path.
Let the bomb reach the ground in time t.
Distance travelled in horizontal direction by the bomb = ut
Distance travelled in horizontal direction by the bomb is the same as that travelled by the plane.
So, the bomb will explode vertically below the plane.

(ii) Let the plane move making an angle α with the horizontal.
Horizontal distance for both the bomb and the plane = ucosαt'
t' = Time taken by the bomb to reach the ground
So, in this case also, the bomb will explode vertically below the plane.

#### Question 41:

A boy standing on a long railroad car throws a ball straight upwards. The car is moving on the horizontal road with an acceleration of 1 m/s2 and the projection velocity in the vertical direction is 9.8 m/s. How far behind the boy will the ball fall on the car?

Given:
Acceleration of the car = 1 m/s2
Projection velocity of the ball (considered as a projectile) in the vertical direction = 9.8 m/s
Angle of projection, α = 90˚
Let u be the initial velocity of the car when the ball is thrown.
Both the car and the ball have the same horizontal velocity.
We know that the distance travelled by the ball in horizontal direction is given by
s
= ut
Here, t is the time.
Also, the distance travelled by the car in horizontal direction is given by
$s\text{'}=ut+\frac{1}{2}a{t}^{2}$
Time of flight of the projectile:
$t=\frac{2u\mathrm{sin}\alpha }{g}$
g = 9.8 m/s2

Distance between the accelerated car and the projectile:

Therefore, the ball drops 2 m behind the boy.

#### Question 42:

A staircase contains three steps each 10 cm high and 20 cm wide (figure 3−E9). What should be the minimum horizontal velocity of a ball rolling of the uppermost plane so as to hit directly the lowest plane?

Figure

Given:
Height of one step = 10 cm
Width of one step = 20 cm
Total height of the staircase = y = 30 cm
Total width of the staircase = x = 40 cm

To directly hit the lowest plane, the ball should just touch point E.
Let point A be the origin of reference coordinate.
Let u be the minimum speed of the ball.
We have:
x = 40 cm
y = −20 cm
θ = 0°
g = 10 m/s2 = 1000 cm/s2

Thus, the minimum horizontal velocity of the ball is 2 m/s.

#### Question 43:

A person is standing on a truck moving with a constant velocity of 14.7 m/s on a horizontal road. The man throws a ball in such a way that it returns to the truck after the truck has moved 58.8 m. Find the speed and the angle of projection (a) as seen from the truck, (b) as seen from the road.

Given:
Velocity of the truck = 14.7 m/s
Distance covered by the truck when the ball returns again to the truck = 58.8 m
(a) Therefore, we can say that the time taken by the truck to cover 58.8 m distance is equal to the time of the flight of the truck.
Time in which the truck has moved the distance of 58.8 m:

We consider the motion of the ball going upwards.
T = 4 s
Time taken to reach the maximum height when the final velocity v = 0:

a = g = −9.8 m/s2 (Acceleration due to gravity)
v = uat
⇒ 0 = u + 9.8 × 2
u = 19.6 m/s
19.6 m/s is the initial velocity with which the ball is thrown upwards.

(b) From the road, the motion of ball seems to be a projectile motion.
Total time of flight (T) = 4 seconds
Horizontal range covered by the ball in this time, R = 58.8 m
We know:
R = ucosαt
Here, α  is the angle of projection.
Now,
ucosα = 14.7    ...(i)
Now, take the vertical component of velocity.
Using the equation of motion, we get:
${v}^{2}-{u}^{2}=2ay$
Here, v is the final velocity.
Thus, we get:

Vertical displacement of the ball:

Dividing (ii) by (i), we get:

From (i), we get:
ucosα = 14.7

Therefore, when seen from the road, the speed of the ball is 25 m/s and the angle of projection is 53° with horizontal.

#### Question 44:

The benches of a gallery in a cricket stadium are 1 m wide and 1 m high. A batsman strikes the ball at a level one metre above the ground and hits a mammoth sixer. The ball starts at 35 m/s at an angle of 53° with the horizontal. The benches are perpendicular to the plane of motion and the first bench is 110 m from the batsman. On which bench will the ball hit?

Given:
Angle of projection of the ball, α = 53°
Width and height of the bench = 1 m
Initial speed of the ball = 35 m/s
Distance of the first bench from the batsman = 110 m
The batsman strikes the ball 1 m above the ground.
Let the ball land on the nth bench.
∴ y = (n − 1)    ...(i)
And,

Solving the above equation, we get:
y = 5
n − 1 = 5
n = 6
The ball will hit the sixth bench of the gallery.

#### Question 45:

A man is sitting on the shore of a river. He is in the line of 1.0 m long boat and is 5.5 m away from the centre of the boat. He wishes to throw an apple into the boat. If he can throw the apple only with a speed of 10 m/s, find the minimum and maximum angles of projection for successful shot. Assume that the point of projection and the edge of the boat are in the same horizontal level.

Given:
Length of the boat = 1.0 m
Distance between the man and the centre of the boat (R) = 5.5 m
Initial speed (u) of throwing the apple by the man = 10 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s2
We know that the horizontal range is given by

Similarly, for the end point of the boat, i.e., point C, we have:
Horizontal range (R) = 6 m

For a successful shot, the angle of projection α with initial speed 10 m/s may vary from 15° to 18° or from 71° to 75°. The minimum angle is 15° and the maximum angle is 75°, but there is an interval of 53° for which the successful shot is not allowed. We can show this by putting the successive value of α from 15° to 75°.

#### Question 46:

A river 400 m wide is flowing at a rate of 2.0 m/s. A boat is sailing at a velocity of 10 m/s with respect to the water, in a direction perpendicular to the river. (a) Find the time taken by the boat to reach the opposite bank. (b) How far from the point directly opposite to the starting point does the boat reach the opposite bank?

Given:
Distance between the opposite shore of the river or width of the river = 400 m
Rate of flow of the river = 2.0 m/s
Boat is sailing at the rate of 10 m/s.
The vertical component of velocity 10 m/s takes the boat to the opposite shore. The boat sails at the resultant velocity vr.
Time taken by the boat to reach the opposite shore:

From the figure, we have:

The boat will reach point C.

Magnitude of velocity
Let α be the angle made by the boat sailing with respect to the direction of flow.
$\mathrm{tan}\left(\alpha \right)=\frac{10}{2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}⇒\alpha =78.7°$
Distance the boat need to travel to reach the opposite shore =
a) Time=

b) Using Pythagoras' theorem, we get:
Distance =

#### Question 47:

A swimmer wishes to cross a 500 m wide river flowing at 5 km/h. His speed with respect to water is 3 km/h.
(a) If he heads in a direction making an angle θ with the flow, find the time he takes to cross the river.
(b) Find the shortest possible time to cross the river.

Given:
Width of the river = 500 m
Rate of flow of the river = 5 km/h
Swimmer's speed with respect to water = 3 km/h
As per the question, the swimmer heads in a direction making an angle θ with the flow.
We know that the vertical component of velocity 3sinθ takes him to the opposite side of the river.
Distance to be travelled = 0.5 km
Vertical component of velocity = 3sinθ km/h
Thus, we have:

∴ Required time =

(b) Shortest possible time to cover the river:
Take θ = 90

Hence, the required time is 10 minutes.

#### Question 48:

Consider the situation of the previous problem. The man has to reach the other shore at the point directly opposite to his starting point. If he reaches the other shore somewhere else, he has to walk down to this point. Find the minimum distance that he has to walk.

Given:
Width of the river = 500 m
Rate of flow of the river = 5 km/h
Swimmer's speed with respect to water = 3 km/h
As per the question, the man has to reach the other shore at the point directly opposite to his starting point.
From
Horizontal distance is BD for the resultant velocity vr.
x-component of the resultant velocity, R = 5 - 3 cos θ
Vertical component of velocity = 3sinθ km/h

This is the same as the horizontal component of velocity.
Thus, we have:

For H (horizontal distance) to be minimum, $\left(\frac{dH}{d\mathrm{\theta }}\right)=0$

⇒ 18 (sin2 θ + cos2 θ) + 30 cos θ = 0
⇒ −30 cos θ = 18

#### Question 49:

An aeroplane has to go from a point A to another point B, 500 km away due 30° east of north. A wind is blowing due north at a speed of 20 m/s. The air-speed of the plane is 150 m/s. (a) Find the direction in which the pilot should head the plane to reach the point B. (b) Find the time taken by the plane to go from A to B.

Given:
Distance between points A and B = 500 km
B from A is 30˚ east of north.
Speed of wind due north, vw = 20 m/s
Airspeed of the plane, va = 150 m/s
Let $\stackrel{\to }{R}$ be the resultant direction of the plane to reach point B.

(a) Using the sine formula in ∆ACB, we get:

Direction of the aeroplane is ${\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{15}\right)$ east of line AB.

(b) Time taken by the plane to reach point B from point A:
${\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{15}\right)=3°48\text{'}$
⇒ 30° + 3°48' = 33°48

$R=\sqrt{{A}^{2}+{B}^{2}+2AB\mathrm{cos}\theta }$

#### Question 50:

Two friends A and B are standing a distance x apart in an open field and wind is blowing from A to B. A beat a drum and B hears the sound t1 time after he sees the event. A and B interchange their positions and the experiment is repeated. This time B hears the drum timer after he sees the event. Calculate the velocity of sound in still air v and the velocity of wind u. Neglect the time light takes in travelling between the friends.

Given:
Distance between A and B = x
Velocity of sound in air = v
Velocity of wind = u
First Case:
When A beats the drum from his original position:
Resultant velocity of sound = u + v
⇒ (v + u)t1 = x
Here, t1 is the time at which the sound of the drum is heard by B.

Second Case:
After interchanging the positions:
Resultant velocity of sound = vu
∴ (vu)t2 = x

From (i) and (ii), we get:
$2v=\frac{x}{{t}_{1}}+\frac{x}{{t}_{2}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}⇒v=\frac{x}{2}\left(\frac{1}{{t}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{t}_{2}}\right)$
From (i), we get:
$u=\frac{x}{{t}_{1}}-v$
Putting the value of v in the above equation, we get:
$u⇒\frac{x}{2{t}_{1}}-\frac{x}{2{t}_{2}}=\frac{x}{2}\left(\frac{1}{{t}_{1}}-\frac{1}{{t}_{2}}\right)$
∴ Velocity of sound, $v=\frac{x}{2}\left(\frac{1}{{t}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{t}_{2}}\right)$
Velocity of wind, $u=\frac{x}{2}\left(\frac{1}{{t}_{1}}-\frac{1}{{t}_{2}}\right)$

#### Question 51:

Suppose A and B in the previous problem change their positions in such a way that the line joining them becomes perpendicular to the direction of wind while maintaining the separation x. What will be the time B finds between seeing and hearing the drum beating by A?

Given:
Distance between A and B = x

Let v be the velocity of sound in the direction along line AC.
Let u be the velocity of air in the direction along line AB.
Angle between v and u = θ > $\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{2}$
Resultant velocity of sound and air that will reach B = $\stackrel{\to }{\mathrm{AD}}=\sqrt{\left({v}^{2}-{u}^{2}\right)}$
Here, the time taken by light to reach B is neglected.
∴ Time lag between seeing and hearing = Time taken to hear the sound of the drum

#### Question 52:

Six particles situated at the corner of a regular hexagon of side a move at a constant speed v. Each particle maintains a direction towards the particle at the next corner. Calculate the time the particles will take to meet each other.

A regular hexagon has a side a. Six particles situated at the corners of the hexagon are moving with a constant speed v.
As per the question, each particle maintains a direction towards the particle at the next corner. So, particles will meet at centroid O of triangle PQR. Now, at any instant, the particles will form an equilateral triangle PQR with the same centroid O.
We know that P approaches Q, Q approaches R and so on.
Now, we will consider the motion of particle P. Its velocity makes an angle of 60˚.
This component is the rate of decrease of distance PO.

Relative velocity between P and Q:

Hence, the time taken by the particles to meet each other is $\frac{2a}{v}$.

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