General Science Solutions Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 14 - Measurement And Effects Of Heat

Answer:

A. 

B. 
a. Sentence a is lying as heat energy is measured in joules.
b. Sentence b is telling the truth as heat energy flows from an object at higher temperature to an object at lower temperature.
c. Sentence c is telling the truth as joule is the unit of heat.
d. Sentence d is lying as objects expand on heating.
e. Sentence e is lying as atoms of a solid are closely packed because of force attraction between them.
f.  Sentence f is lying as the average kinetic energy of atoms in a hot objects is greater than the average kinetic energy of atoms in a cold objects.

C.
a. A thermometer is  used to measure temperature.
b. The apparatus used to measure heat is called a calorimeter.
c. Temperature is the measures of the average kinetic energy of the atoms in a substance.
d. The heat contained in a substance is the measures of the total kinetic energy of atoms in the substance. 

Answer:

Shivani's tea will be prepared first.
In Shivani's case, the intensity of the flame in contact with the vessel is very high due to which the flow of heat will be faster. Thus, the time taken by the tea to reach its boiling point will be less. Hence, tea will be prepared fast.
In case of Nishigandha, the intensity of radiation reaching the vessel is not as high as compared to stove's flame. Thus, the flow of heat will be slower in this case due to which more time will be taken to reach the boiling temperature of the tea. Hence, tea will be prepared at slower rate.

Answer:

a. Clinical thermometer is used in homes. It has a glass tube with a bulb at one end and the other end closed. This bulb and some part of the tube is filled with thermometric liquid, such as mercury or alcohol. The rest of the volume of the tube has vacuum in it. There is a kink near the end of the glass tube which prevents the falling back of the thermometric liquid once it is removed from the hot body under observation.
It is basically used to measure the temperature of humans. A clinical thermometer has a temperature range of only 35 ºC to 42 °C. 


b.

b. 
c. Calorimeter

A device used for heat measurement is called a calorimeter.

Construction of a Calorimeter

• It consists of a metallic vessel and stirrers. They are made of copper or aluminium.

• The vessel is then kept inside a wooden jacket which contains heat-insulating materials.

• The outer wooden jacket acts as a heat shield, and reduces the heat loss from the inner vessel.

• The outer jacket has an opening through which a mercury thermometer is inserted into the calorimeter.

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d. All solids expand on heating. As rails are made up of steel, these also expand in summers and contract in winters. These expansion and contraction can cause sagging and bending of rails which could derail the trains running on them. Thus, the rails have been provided with gaps at specific distance so as to prevent this bending of rails. These spaces get closer in summers and wider in winters.

  $$\begin{gathered} V_2=V_1(1+\beta ∆T) \\ \mathrm{or} \\ \beta =\left(\frac{V_2-V_1}{V_1}\right)\frac{1}{∆T} \end{gathered}$$
From the above formula, we can say that

• the volumetric expansion coefficient of a liquid ($\beta$) is defined as the fractional change in the volume of the liquid per degree Celsius (or kelvin) change in temperature.
• the volumetric expansion coefficient of a liquid ($\beta$) is defined as the fractional change in the volume of the gas per degree Celcius (or kelvin) change in temperature at constant pressure. So, $\beta$ is the constant pressure volumetric expansion coefficient in case of gas.

Answer:

a. Let the temperature in Celsius be T.
So, the temperature in Fahrenheit = 2T
Now,
$$\begin{gathered} F = 32+\frac{9}{5}\mathrm{C} \\ \Rightarrow 2T=32+\frac{9}{5}T \\ T={160}^{ \mathrm{o}}\mathrm{C} \\ \Rightarrow \mathrm{Temperature} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{Fahrenheit} = 2T =320{ }^{\mathrm{o}}\mathrm{F} \end{gathered}$$

b. Length of the iron rod = 20 m = 2000 cm at 18^∘C
Distance between the length of two rods, $=0.4 \mathrm{cm}$
Temperature coefficient of linear expansion of iron = $11.5\times {10}^{-6}{ }^{\mathrm{o}}{\mathrm{C}}^{-1}$
The bridge will be in good shape till both the rods expand by 0.2 cm as the temperature is increased. Let at temperature T, both the rods expand by 0.2 cm i.e. the total expansion is 0.4 cm.
Using formula for linear expansion of solids, we have

$$\begin{gathered} \Rightarrow \frac{0.4}{2000}=11.5\times {10}^{-6} \times (T-16) \\ T=18+\frac{0.4}{2000\times 11.5\times {10}^{-6}}=35.4{ }^{\mathrm{o}}\mathrm{C} \end{gathered}$$

c. Height of Eifel tower = 324 m = 32400 cm at 15^∘C
Temperature coefficient of linear expansion of iron = $11.5\times {10}^{-6}{ }^{\mathrm{o}}{\mathrm{C}}^{-1}$
Change in temperature = 30^∘C $-$ 15 ^∘C = 15^∘C
Change in length = $∆l$
Using formula for linear expansion of solids, we have

$$\begin{gathered} \Rightarrow \frac{∆l}{32400}=11.5\times {10}^{-6} \times 15 \\ ∆l=32400\times 11.5\times {10}^{-6} \times 15=5.6 \mathrm{cm} \end{gathered}$$

d. Let the mass of B M.
Let the change in temperature be T for both the bodies, A and B.
The amount of heat in a body is given as
$Q=m\times c\times ∆T$
For body A,
$$\begin{gathered} Q=m\times c\times T \\ \Rightarrow T=\frac{Q}{mc} .....\left(\mathrm{i}\right) \end{gathered}$$
For body B,
$$\begin{gathered} 4Q=M\times 2c\times T \\ \Rightarrow M=\frac{4Q}{2c\times T} \\ \mathrm{From} \left(\mathrm{i}\right), T=\frac{Q}{mc} \\ \Rightarrow M=\frac{4Q}{2c\times \frac{Q}{mc}}=2m \end{gathered}$$

e. Let the specific heat capacity of the substance be c.
Given: Mass of the substance, m = 3 kg = 3000 g
Heat given to the substance, Q = 600 cal
Increase in temperature of the substance = 10^∘C
Now, the amount of heat in a body is given as
$$\begin{gathered} Q=m\times c\times ∆T \\ \Rightarrow c=\frac{Q}{m\times ∆T}=\frac{600}{3000\times 10}=0.02 \mathrm{cal} {\mathrm{g}}^{-1}{ }^{\mathrm{o}}{\mathrm{C}}^{-1} \end{gathered}$$