i want summary of forest society and colonialism immediately

this about treatment to the tree during the british period in india. it tell how the english men use the indian forest property for there use. the cut the forest in the large amount for the plantation of coffe or tea for make money. that effect the lifes of the triblr people in india. they do not allowed to go on the forest . the forest are diveded into three parts. they also used to do hunting of animals like tiger. ther bannged the hunting for indian but they used to do this. than the revolution is done by the trible people and they get there lands back. the same story is followed in java by dutch people.    

the variety of ways the forests were used by communities living within them. It will show how in the nineteenth century the growth of industries and urban centres, ships and railways, created a new demand on the forests for timber and other forest products. New demands led to new rules of forest use, new ways of organising the forest. You will see how colonial control was established over the forests, how forest areas were mapped, trees were classified, and plantations were developed. All these developments affected the lives of those local communities who used forest resources. They were forced to operate within new systems and reorganise their lives. But they also rebelled against the rules and persuaded the state to change its policies. The chapter will give you an idea of the history of such developments in India its was ruled by british people and in Indonesia it was ruled by dutch people . it helped to development of railways in India.

the variety of ways the forests were used by communities living within them. It will show how in the nineteenth century the growth of industries and urban centres, ships and railways, created a new demand on the forests for timber and other forest products. New demands led to new rules of forest use, new ways of organising the forest. You will see how colonial control was established over the forests, how forest areas were mapped, trees were classified, and plantations were developed. All these developments affected the lives of those local communities who used forest resources. They were forced to operate within new systems and reorganise their lives. But they also rebelled against the rules and persuaded the state to change its policies. The chapter will give you an idea of the history of such developments. In India it was ruled by the british people and in Indonesiait was ruled by the dutch people . It helped railway in India but we have animals in danger now also.......

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what is the chapter is about

1. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj

THE RISE OF affect cultivation COMMERCIAL Who could hunt? FORESTRY New trades, employments and servicesDone by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj—WHY Sleepers on the tracks DEFORESTATION ? Plantations How were the lives affected How did forest rules—2. IMPORTANT TOPICSMAIN TOPICS SUB TOPICS Land to be improved

New developments in forestry Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj— War and Deforestation — Samins challenge — Dutch scientific forestry IN JAVA — The woodcutters of java —FOREST TRANSFORMATION — The fears of the people—REBELLION IN THE FOREST — The people of Bastar—3. MAIN SUBTOPICS TOPICS

A lot of this diversity is fast disappearing .Between 1700 and 1995, the period o industrialization, 13.9 million sq.km of forest or 9.3% of the worlds total area was cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj—Take a quick look around your school or home and identify all the things that come from forest : the paper, the desk, clothes etc. You will observe that most of the things which we use are obtained from forests .It is a vast diversity.—This chapter is mainly related to forests and the affects on them.—4. INTRODUCTION

Deforestation is not a recent problem. The process began many centuries ago; but under colonial rule it became more systematic and extensive. Let us look at some of the causes of deforestation in IndiaDone by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj—DEFORESTATION: The disappearance of forests is referred as deforestation.—5. WHY DEFORESTATION?

As population increased over the centuries and the demand for food went up, peasants extended the boundaries of cultivation, clearing forests and breaking new land .In the colonial period, cultivation expanded rapidly for a variety of reasons. Let us take a look at these reasons-Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj—6. LAND TO BE IMPROVED-

7. 1-The British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat, and cotton. 2- In the early 19th century, the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive. They were considered to be wilderness that had to be brought under cultivation so that the land could yield agricultural products and revenue, and enhance the income of the state. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj

1st-By the early 19th century. Oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy. Due to this English ships could not be built. After that the British started exporting timber from India . Within a decade trees were being felled on a massive scale an vast quantities of timber were being exported from India. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj—8. SLEEPESRS ON THETRACKS-

9. 2nd-The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops .To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between 1760 and 2000 sleepers. Due to this the govt. gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantities. These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. Forests around the railway tracks fast started disappearing. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj

Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea, coffee, and rubber plantations to meet Europes growing needs of these commodities. The colonial govt. took over the forests, and gave vast areas to European planters at cheap rates. These areas were enclosed and cleared of forests, and planted with tea or coffee.Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj—10. PLANTATIONS-

11. THE RISE OFCOMMERCIAL FORESTRY As in the previous section we have seen that the British needed forests in order to build ships and railways. The British were worried that the use of forests by local people and the reckless felling of trees by traders would destroy forests. So they decided to invite a German expert, Dietrich Brandis, for advice, and made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India.Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj

12. Brandis realised that a proper system had to be introduced to manage the forests and people had to be trained in the science of conservation. This system would need legal sanction . So Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865. The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906. The system they introduced here was called SCIENTIFIC FORESTRY. In scientific forestry, natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. In their place one type of tree was planted in a straight row. This is called Plantation. Forest officials made plans for forest management. They planned how much of the plantation area to be cut every year. The area to be cut was then to be replanted so that it Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj was ready to be cut again in some years.

The best forests were called : reserved forest. Villagers could not take anything from these forests, even for their own use. For house building or fuel, they could only take wood from protected or village forest. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj—VILLAGE FOREST—PROTECTED—RESERVED—After the forest act was enacted in 1865, it was amended twice, once in 1878 and then in 1927, The 1879 act divided forests into three categories-—13.

14. HOW WERE THE LIVES OF PEOPLE AFFECTED? In forest areas, people use forest products. Fruits, vegetables, medicines, fuel etc. Almost everything is available in forest. The Forest Act meant severe hardship for villagers across the country. After the Act all their daily practices became illegal. People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes for them. People grew poorer and poorer Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj

European foresters regarded this practice as harmful for the forests. Therefore, they decided to ban sh—In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds re sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains, and the crop is harvested by october-november. Such plots are cultivated for a couple of years and then left fallow for 12 to 15 years.—One of the major impacts of European colonialism was on the practice of shifting cultivation or swidden agriculture.—15. HOW DID FOREST RULES AFFECT CULTIVATION?As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests.Some had to change occupations , while some resisted large and small rebellions. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj—ifting cultivation.

16. WHO COULD HUNT? Before the forest laws, many people who lived in or near forests had survived by hunting. This customary practice was prohibited by the forest laws. Those who were caught hunting were now punished for poaching. While the forest laws deprived people of their customary rights to hunt, hunting of big game became a sport. The British saw large animals as signs of a wild, primitive and savage society. They believed that by killing dangerous animals the British would civilize India. THEY GAVE REWARDS FOR KILLING Tigers, Wolves and other large animals on the grounds who pose to be a threat to cultivators. The Maharaja Sarguja alone shot 1,157 tigers and 2000 leopards Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj upto 1957. A British administrator, George Yuke, killed 400 tigers

17. NEW TRADES, NEW EMPLOYMENTSAND NEW SERVICES- With the coming of British, however, trade was completely regulated by the govt. Grazing and Hunting by local people were restricted . In the process, many communities like the Korava, Karacha and Yerukula of the Madras Presidency lost their livelihoods. Some of them began to be called as the criminal tribes ,and were forced to work instead of factories, mines and plantations, under govt. supervision. In these jobs their wages were very low and conditions of work were very bad. They could not return easily to theirby:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj where they had been Done home villages from recruited.

18. REBELLION IN THEFOREST In many parts of India, and across the world, forest communities rebelled against the changes that were being imposed on them. The leaders of these movements are still remembered in songs and stories. We will now discuss in detail one such rebellion which took place in the kingdom of Bastar in 1910.Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj

19. THE PEOPLE OF BASTAR BASTAR is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra. A number of different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and Muria gonds, Dhurvas, Bhatras and Halbas. They speak different languages but share common customs and beliefs. The people of Bastar believe that each village was given its land by the Earth, and in return, they look after the Earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival. In addition to the Earth, they show respect to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain. Each village lookJayapandiaraj natural resources within their Done by:-A.Kamalesh after their boundaries. Every year there is a big hunt where the headmen of

20. THE FEARS OF THE PEOPLE When the colonial govt. made up laws for the forests, the people of Bastar were very worried. They saw it as a crime. People began to gather and discuss these issues in their village councils, in bazaars and at festivals or whatever the headmen and priests of several villages were assembled. The initiative was taken by the Dhurvas of the Kangar forest, where reservation first took place. Although there was no single leader, many people speak of Gunda Dhur, from village Nethanar as an important figure in the movement. In 1910, mango boughs, a lump of earth, chilies and arrows, began circulating between villages. These were actually messages inviting villagers to rebel against the British. Bazaars were looted, the houses of officials and traders, schools and police stations were burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed. The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. They punished those who participated in the rebellion . However they never managed to caught Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj Gunda Dhur.

Like the British they wanted timber from Java to build ships. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj—Java in Indonesia is where the Dutch started forest management. —Java is now famous as a rice-producing island in Indonesia. But once upon a time when it was mostly covered with forests. —21. FOREST TRANSFORMATION INJAVA

22. THE WOODCUTTERS OFJAVA The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. The Dutch tried to make control over them but they failed.DUTCH SCIENTIFIC FORESTRY In the 19th century, when it became important to control territory and not just people, the Dutch enacted forest laws in Java. Those were mainly same as that of India by the Britishers. In 1882, 280000 sleepers were alone transported from Java. Blandongdiensten system : In this system the Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from these rents if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj

23. SAMINS CHALLENGE Around 1890, Surontiko Samin of Randublatung village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Amongst those who helped organise it were Samins sons-in-law. By 1907,3000 families were following his ideas. Some of the Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch came to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform labour. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj

24. WAR AND DEFORESTATION The First World War and the Second World War had a major impact on forests. In India, working plans were abandoned at this time, and the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs. In Java, just before the Japanese Occupied the region, the Dutch followed a scorched earth policy, destroying sawmills, and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would not fall into Japanese hands. The Japanese then exploited the forest recklessly for their own war industries, forcing forest villagers to cut down forests. Many villagers used this opportunity to expand cultivation in the forest. After the war, it was difficult for the Indonesian forest service to get this land back. As in India, peoples need for agricultural land has brought them into conflict with the forest departments desire to control the land and exclude people from it. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj

Since the 1980s, govt. across Asia and Africa have begun to see that scientific forestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. So the govt. is now looking to different forms of forest management. Done by:-A.Kamalesh Jayapandiaraj—25. NEW DEVLOPMENTS IN FORESTRY

what problem were cause by east india companies dpends tea trads

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