What are canal rays?

 Anode rays (or canal rays) are beams of positive ions that are created by certain types of gas discharge tubes. They were first observed in Crookes tubes during experiments by the German scientist Eugen Goldstein, in 1886. Later work on anode rays byWilhelm Wien and J. J. Thomson led to the development of mass spectrometry.

           Goldstein used a gas discharge tube which had a perforated cathode. A "ray" is produced in the holes (canals) in the cathode and travels in a direction opposite to the "cathode rays," which are streams of electrons. Goldstein called these positive rays "Kanalstrahlen" - canal rays because it looks like they are passing through a canal. In 1907 a study of how this "ray" was deflected in a magnetic field, revealed that the particles making up the ray were not all the same mass. The lightest ones, formed when there was some hydrogen gas in the tube, were calculated to be about 1837 times as massive as an electron. They wereprotons.

Canal rays are streams of positive ions in a rarefied gas. Due to their having a larger mass than electrons, canal rays are more penetrating and less easily bent than cathode rays (electron beams).

Apparatus:

1. Horizontal canal ray tube
2. Spark coil
3. Magnet
4. Leads
5. 2 Alligator clips

Preparation: Connect the positive lead of the spark coil to the large plate, near the end of the metal strip with the slit; connect the negative lead to the other terminal.

Operation: Turn on the spark coil. Observe the fluorescence which shows the presence of a beam of charged particles. Using the magnet, observe the bending of the beam.

Part B:

Apparatus:

Preparation and Operation: This apparatus is used in both polarities to show the difference between the two...First the positive (red) terminal os connected to the lower terminal (making the plate positive); the upper terminal is connected to the negative terminal. When the power supply is turned on, and the voltage turned up, a nondescript pattern appears at the perforations with no penetration of rays into the upper chamber. The power supply is then turned off, and the polarity reversed making the plate negative and the "pin" positive. When the voltage is applied, rays penetrate into the upper chamber. Using the magnet, it may be shown that these are not easily deflected.

Part C:

Apparatus:

1. Spark coil
2. Magnet
3. Three terminal spherical tube (as shown)
4. Leads
5. 3 Alligator Clips

Preparation and Operation: Again, both polarities are used. The vertical terminals are connected to the same terminal of the spark coil; the plate on the side is connected to the other. When the plate is negative, and the pins (vertical terminals) are positive a rather diffuse beam is emitted by the plate, which is easily deflected with the magnet. However, when the plate is positive and the pins negative, a concentrated beam of canal rays is emitted by the plate, and the beam is difficult to deflect with magnets.

Part D:

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