article on reptiles

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Reptiles are a group of animals that have scales (or modified scales), breathe air and usually lay eggs. Most reptiles live on land and reproduce by laying eggs. They have the following land adaptations.

While living on land they have limited access to drinking water. Reptiles kidneys have adapted and they conserve water by producing less urine in more concentrated forms.Reptiles have scales to keep in moisture and help avoid skin damage.Reptiles evolved a hard shell around their eggs to live on land.They adapted lungs in place of gills.It is a cold-blooded creature. Its survival on land requires more than just physical changes. Since a reptile's temperature depends on its surroundings, it basks on rocks to warm its blood for hunting, on land.Not all reptiles have legs now, but they all needed them. Snakes lost their legs after they left the water which enabled their burrowing habits on land.
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Reptiles are vertebrate, or backboned, animals constituting the class Reptilia. They are characterized by a combination of features, none of which alone could separateall reptilesfrom all other animals. Among these features are

  • (1) cold-bloodedness;
  • (2) the presence of lungs;
  • (3) direct development, without larval forms as in amphibians;
  • (4) a dry skin with scales but not feathers (a characteristic of birds) or hair (a characteristic of mammals);
  • (5) an amniote egg;
  • (6) internal fertilization;
  • (7) a three- or four-chambered heart;
  • (8) two aortic arches (blood vessels) carrying blood from the heart to the body; mammals have only one aorta, the left; birds also have but one, the right;
  • (9) a metanephric kidney;
  • (10) twelve pairs of head (cranial) nerves; amphibians have ten; and
  • (11) (skeletal features such as
    • (a) limbs with usually five clawed fingers or toes,
    • (b) at least two spinal bones (sacral vertebrae) associated with the pelvis; amphibians have but one,
    • (c) a single ball-and-socket connection (condyle) at the head-neck joint instead of two, as in advanced amphibians and mammals, and
    • (d) an incomplete or complete partition (the secondary palate) along the roof of the mouth, separating the food and air passageways so that breathing can continue while food is being chewed.
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  • Reptiles, the class Reptilia, are an evolutionary grade of animals, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, lizards, and tuatara, as well as many extinct groups. A reptile is any amniote that is neither a mammal nor a bird.
  • Scientific name: Reptilia
  • Rank: Class
  • Higher classification: Tetrapod
  • Lower classifications: Sauropterygia, Eureptilia, Squamata, Sphenodontidae, Turtle

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Reptiles are a group of animals that have scales (or modified scales), breathe air and usually lay eggs. Most reptiles live on land and reproduce by laying eggs. They have the following land adaptations.

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