Saman Ahmad answered this
Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body. It is a part of the nervous system, which controls and monitors every organ of the body.
Brain is divided into 3 parts:
Forebrain: Has the cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus
Cerebrum (major part of the brain) is divided by a deep cleft into the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus callosum: A tract of nerve fibres that connect the two hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex: Layer of cells covering the cerebral hemispheres. It is also called ‘grey matter” due to its greyish appearance, imparted by the high concentration of neuron cell bodies.
Cerebral cortex consists of 3 areas:
Motor areas, Sensory areas, Association areas (not clearly distinguishable into motor or sensory)Association areas: Responsible for complex functions like inter-sensory association, memory and communication
Fibres of tracts present in the inner parts of the hemispheres are called “white matter” due to the opaque white appearance, imparted by the myelin sheath covering.
Thalamus: Coordinates sensory and motor signalling
Hypothalamus: Controls body temperature, hunger and thirst; contains neurosecretory cells which secrete hormones
Limbic System = Inner parts of the cerebral hemispheres + Amygdale + Hippocampus
Limbic System + Hypothalamus = Involved in the regulation of emotions, sexual behaviour and motivation
Midbrain
Location: Between the thalamus/hypothalamus of the forebrain and the pons of the hindbrain
Cerebral aqueduct: Canal passing through the midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina: 4 round swellings (lobes) on the dorsal portion of the midbrain.
Hindbrain: Pons + Cerebellum + Medulla
Hindbrain and midbrain form the brain stem.
Pons: Fibre tracts that connect various portions of the brain
Cerebellum has a convoluted surface to provide space for more neurons.
Medulla connects to the spinal cord, and controls respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions.
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Poorna Shah answered this
Brain Anatomy- Internal Structures
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerves which connect the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body.
The principal parts of the brain are thecerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, and cerebellum.
The cerebrum is made of both white matter and gray matter. The surface of the cerebrum (the cortex) is composed of a thin layer of gray matter (nerve cell bodies), underneath which are the white matter tracts (myelinated nerve cell axons).
The diencephalon consists of thethalamus and hypothalamus.
The brainstem is the lowest part of the brain just above the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons andmedulla. It controls many of the basic involuntary body functions necessary for life, such as breathing, sleeping and rate of heartbeat.
It is in the medulla where the left and right white matter tracts to and from the brain cross over. Nerve impulses to and from the left side of the body are processed in the right side of the brain, while right side body impulses are processed in the left. This is why an injury in the left side of the brain such as a stroke, creates symptoms (loss of sensation, paralysis) on the right side of the body.
The reticular formation is a complex network of nerve cell fibers. It is involved with determining our level of wakefulness and sleep.
hope it helps...!
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Poorna Shah answered this
Brain Anatomy- Internal Structures
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerves which connect the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body.
The principal parts of the brain are thecerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, and cerebellum.
The cerebrum is made of both white matter and gray matter. The surface of the cerebrum (the cortex) is composed of a thin layer of gray matter (nerve cell bodies), underneath which are the white matter tracts (myelinated nerve cell axons).
The diencephalon consists of thethalamus and hypothalamus.
The brainstem is the lowest part of the brain just above the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons andmedulla. It controls many of the basic involuntary body functions necessary for life, such as breathing, sleeping and rate of heartbeat.
It is in the medulla where the left and right white matter tracts to and from the brain cross over. Nerve impulses to and from the left side of the body are processed in the right side of the brain, while right side body impulses are processed in the left. This is why an injury in the left side of the brain such as a stroke, creates symptoms (loss of sensation, paralysis) on the right side of the body.
The reticular formation is a complex network of nerve cell fibers. It is involved with determining our level of wakefulness and sleep.
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Poorna Shah answered this
Brain Anatomy- Internal Structures
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerves which connect the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body.
The principal parts of the brain are thecerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, and cerebellum.
The cerebrum is made of both white matter and gray matter. The surface of the cerebrum (the cortex) is composed of a thin layer of gray matter (nerve cell bodies), underneath which are the white matter tracts (myelinated nerve cell axons).
The diencephalon consists of thethalamus and hypothalamus.
The brainstem is the lowest part of the brain just above the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons andmedulla. It controls many of the basic involuntary body functions necessary for life, such as breathing, sleeping and rate of heartbeat.
It is in the medulla where the left and right white matter tracts to and from the brain cross over. Nerve impulses to and from the left side of the body are processed in the right side of the brain, while right side body impulses are processed in the left. This is why an injury in the left side of the brain such as a stroke, creates symptoms (loss of sensation, paralysis) on the right side of the body.
The reticular formation is a complex network of nerve cell fibers. It is involved with determining our level of wakefulness and sleep.
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Aarti answered this
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have one, even if diffuse neural tissue is present. It is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain of a vertebrate is the most complex organ of its body. In a typical human the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons,[1] each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.
From an evolutionary-biological point of view, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body either by generating patterns of muscle activity or by driving secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information-integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.
From a philosophical point of view, what makes the brain special in comparison to other organs is that it forms the physical structure that generates the mind. As Hippocrates put it: "Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency, and lamentations."[2] Through much of history, the mind was thought to be separate from the brain. Even for present-day neuroscience, the mechanisms by which brain activity gives rise to consciousness and thought remain very challenging to understand: despite rapid scientific progress, much about how the brain works remains a mystery. The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail, but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions has been very difficult to decipher. The most promising approaches treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from electronic computers, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways.
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have one, even if diffuse neural tissue is present. It is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain of a vertebrate is the most complex organ of its body. In a typical human the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons,[1] each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.
From an evolutionary-biological point of view, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body either by generating patterns of muscle activity or by driving secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information-integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.
From a philosophical point of view, what makes the brain special in comparison to other organs is that it forms the physical structure that generates the mind. As Hippocrates put it: "Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency, and lamentations."[2] Through much of history, the mind was thought to be separate from the brain. Even for present-day neuroscience, the mechanisms by which brain activity gives rise to consciousness and thought remain very challenging to understand: despite rapid scientific progress, much about how the brain works remains a mystery. The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail, but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions has been very difficult to decipher. The most promising approaches treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from electronic computers, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways.
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have one, even if diffuse neural tissue is present. It is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain of a vertebrate is the most complex organ of its body. In a typical human the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons,[1] each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.
From an evolutionary-biological point of view, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body either by generating patterns of muscle activity or by driving secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information-integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.
From a philosophical point of view, what makes the brain special in comparison to other organs is that it forms the physical structure that generates the mind. As Hippocrates put it: "Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency, and lamentations."[2] Through much of history, the mind was thought to be separate from the brain. Even for present-day neuroscience, the mechanisms by which brain activity gives rise to consciousness and thought remain very challenging to understand: despite rapid scientific progress, much about how the brain works remains a mystery. The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail, but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions has been very difficult to decipher. The most promising approaches treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from electronic computers, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways.
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have one, even if diffuse neural tissue is present. It is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain of a vertebrate is the most complex organ of its body. In a typical human the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons,[1] each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.
From an evolutionary-biological point of view, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body either by generating patterns of muscle activity or by driving secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information-integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.
From a philosophical point of view, what makes the brain special in comparison to other organs is that it forms the physical structure that generates the mind. As Hippocrates put it: "Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency, and lamentations."[2] Through much of history, the mind was thought to be separate from the brain. Even for present-day neuroscience, the mechanisms by which brain activity gives rise to consciousness and thought remain very challenging to understand: despite rapid scientific progress, much about how the brain works remains a mystery. The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail, but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions has been very difficult to decipher. The most promising approaches treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from electronic computers, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways.
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have one, even if diffuse neural tissue is present. It is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain of a vertebrate is the most complex organ of its body. In a typical human the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons,[1] each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.
From an evolutionary-biological point of view, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body either by generating patterns of muscle activity or by driving secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information-integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.
From a philosophical point of view, what makes the brain special in comparison to other organs is that it forms the physical structure that generates the mind. As Hippocrates put it: "Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency, and lamentations."[2] Through much of history, the mind was thought to be separate from the brain. Even for present-day neuroscience, the mechanisms by which brain activity gives rise to consciousness and thought remain very challenging to understand: despite rapid scientific progress, much about how the brain works remains a mystery. The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail, but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions has been very difficult to decipher. The most promising approaches treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from electronic computers, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways.
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