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• Genetic engineering is the artificial alteration (insertion and deletion) of genetic codes using the techniques of biotechnology. The organisms that are produced in this technique are called genetically modified organisms.
• For example if a gene is recognised to produce a specific disease, by replacing it with a resistant gene the disease can be avoided.
• Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are produced by genetic engineering to yield a better variety of good quality and disease resistance crops.

Genetic engineering is used in molecular diagnostic of disease in several ways:

1. Gene therapy: This method involves introducing a functional copy of a gene into a patient's cells to correct a genetic defect that causes a disease.

2. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): This method is used to amplify specific regions of DNA, which can be used to detect the presence of a disease-causing mutation in a patient's DNA.

3. DNA microarrays: This method is used to analyze the expression of thousands of genes at once, which can be used to identify genes that are associated with a specific disease.

4. CRISPR-Cas: This method is used to make precise alterations to the genome, which can be used to correct genetic defects that cause diseases.