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how to read and write sanskritthere are many ways to write sanskrit when it comes to roman scripts. as they say necessity is the mother of invention. these inventions came for various needs.first was the desire to write in roman script, by english scholars of gone by centuries, when they started discovering a whole new world. a world, that they quickly found was much more than they had imagined, much richer than the physical opulence of india that had drawn them here in the first place. to use an insufficient script like roman script with only 26 letters is a challenge to say the least. the letters are not enough, and sounds are duplicated. some of the letters duplicate a sound like 'k', 'c' OR 'c' and 's' OR 'v' and 'w' OR 'g' and 'j' etc.in the pre-computer era, print media was using special characters like ā ī ś ŗ ņ ţ which were printed only in scholarly books. so shiva (third of the trinity, mahAdeva, mahAkAla, with the trident etc.) was written as 'śiva' and durgA (the unified energy of all the divine forms, riding a lion, (called The Mother by all) is written as 'durgā'shiva - śivadurgA - durgānote the missing 'h' in siva and a single 'a' in siva and durga.this has led to so much confusion in reading sanskrit, along with the other funny things used by scholars, but mis-interpreted by non-scholar. people writing by hand, forgot the special marks on the 's' and 'a' and wroteshiva - siva and durgA - durgaand the pronunciation changed from:shiv-uh (शिव )- sivaa (सिवा) (use your normal english pronunciation guesses)so all 'sh' became 's' and all 'a' became 'aa' in pronunciation.not only is the 's' wrong, so is the 'a', to the point that such mistakes can mean a totally different name, since a trailing long 'aa' is a way to change gender.so kRShNa (कृष्ण)= son of vasudeva, speaker of bhagawad gItA; but it becomes krisnaa (क्रिस्ना)= with a long 'aa' and mean 'draupadi' the wife of the pAnDavas.more damage has been done to india(ns) by trying to learn sanskrit through english texts which didn't care for the common person and their biases towards reading english words.in the computer era, in the beginning, with the plain keyboard, a scheme was developed to correctly communicate the lyrics of popular hindi movie songs (of the golden era, which were great poetry) and for some sanskrit mailing lists (pre-web days). this is called ITRANS and has been influential in any and all further developments in this regard.now of course we have Unicode which does a great job of making the text searchable and portable, independent of old fonts that differed in their mappings and caused lot of migration issues, or visitors had to download a truck load of fonts, one per site.over the years, i had developed bhaarat, bhaarat2 fonts for devanAgarI and pranav and pranav2 for transliteration. the pictures below are from one of my books 'Hindu Prayer Book' in 2005 that explains the various finer points while reading/writing sanskrit in roman font.learning devanAgarI font is a bit tricky, and steep in the beginning, but since the script is perfectly mathematical - one sound, one letter - the learning initially pays off handsomely later. after all, indian kids pick it by early on, my daughter picked up even writing by the age of 4.more on this after readers get time to digest this :)[ click on image to view larger, much clearer size ]
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how to read and write sanskritthere are many ways to write sanskrit when it comes to roman scripts. as they say necessity is the mother of invention. these inventions came for various needs.first was the desire to write in roman script, by english scholars of gone by centuries, when they started discovering a whole new world. a world, that they quickly found was much more than they had imagined, much richer than the physical opulence of india that had drawn them here in the first place. to use an insufficient script like roman script with only 26 letters is a challenge to say the least. the letters are not enough, and sounds are duplicated. some of the letters duplicate a sound like 'k', 'c' OR 'c' and 's' OR 'v' and 'w' OR 'g' and 'j' etc.in the pre-computer era, print media was using special characters like ā ī ś ŗ ņ ţ which were printed only in scholarly books. so shiva (third of the trinity, mahAdeva, mahAkAla, with the trident etc.) was written as 'śiva' and durgA (the unified energy of all the divine forms, riding a lion, (called The Mother by all) is written as 'durgā'shiva - śivadurgA - durgānote the missing 'h' in siva and a single 'a' in siva and durga.this has led to so much confusion in reading sanskrit, along with the other funny things used by scholars, but mis-interpreted by non-scholar. people writing by hand, forgot the special marks on the 's' and 'a' and wroteshiva - siva and durgA - durgaand the pronunciation changed from:shiv-uh (शिव )- sivaa (सिवा) (use your normal english pronunciation guesses)so all 'sh' became 's' and all 'a' became 'aa' in pronunciation.not only is the 's' wrong, so is the 'a', to the point that such mistakes can mean a totally different name, since a trailing long 'aa' is a way to change gender.so kRShNa (कृष्ण)= son of vasudeva, speaker of bhagawad gItA; but it becomes krisnaa (क्रिस्ना)= with a long 'aa' and mean 'draupadi' the wife of the pAnDavas.more damage has been done to india(ns) by trying to learn sanskrit through english texts which didn't care for the common person and their biases towards reading english words.in the computer era, in the beginning, with the plain keyboard, a scheme was developed to correctly communicate the lyrics of popular hindi movie songs (of the golden era, which were great poetry) and for some sanskrit mailing lists (pre-web days). this is called ITRANS and has been influential in any and all further developments in this regard.now of course we have Unicode which does a great job of making the text searchable and portable, independent of old fonts that differed in their mappings and caused lot of migration issues, or visitors had to download a truck load of fonts, one per site.over the years, i had developed bhaarat, bhaarat2 fonts for devanAgarI and pranav and pranav2 for transliteration. the pictures below are from one of my books 'Hindu Prayer Book' in 2005 that explains the various finer points while reading/writing sanskrit in roman font.learning devanAgarI font is a bit tricky, and steep in the beginning, but since the script is perfectly mathematical - one sound, one letter - the learning initially pays off handsomely later. after all, indian kids pick it by early on, my daughter picked up even writing by the age of 4.more on this after readers get time to digest this :)[ click on image to view larger, much clearer size ]

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there are many ways to write sanskrit when it comes to roman scripts. as they say necessity is the mother of invention. these inventions came for various needs. 

first was the desire to write in roman script, by english scholars of gone by centuries, when they started discovering a whole new world. a world, that they quickly found was much more than they had imagined, much richer than the physical opulence of india that had drawn them here in the first place. to use an insufficient script like roman script with only 26 letters is a challenge to say the least. the letters are not enough, and sounds are duplicated. some of the letters duplicate a sound like 'k', 'c' OR 'c' and 's' OR 'v' and 'w' OR 'g' and 'j' etc. 

in the pre-computer era, print media was using special characters like ā ī ś ŗ ņ ţ which were printed only in scholarly books. so shiva (third of the trinity, mahAdeva, mahAkAla, with the trident etc.) was written as 'śiva' and durgA (the unified energy of all the divine forms, riding a lion, (called The Mother by all) is written as 'durgā' 
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shiva -> śiva 
durgA -> durgā 

note the missing 'h' in siva and a single 'a' in siva and durga. 

this has led to so much confusion in reading sanskrit, along with the other funny things used by scholars, but mis-interpreted by non-scholar. people writing by hand, forgot the special marks on the 's' and 'a' and wrote 
shiva -> siva and durgA -> durga 

and the pronunciation changed from: 
shiv-uh (शिव )-> sivaa (सिवा) (use your normal english pronunciation guesses) 

so all 'sh' became 's' and all 'a' became 'aa' in pronunciation. 


not only is the 's' wrong, so is the 'a', to the point that such mistakes can mean a totally different name, since a trailing long 'aa' is a way to change gender. 

so kRShNa (कृष्ण)= son of vasudeva, speaker of bhagawad gItA; but it becomes krisnaa (क्रिस्ना)= with a long 'aa' and mean 'draupadi' the wife of the pAnDavas. 

more damage has been done to india(ns) by trying to learn sanskrit through english texts which didn't care for the common person and their biases towards reading english words. 


in the computer era, in the beginning, with the plain keyboard, a scheme was developed to correctly communicate the lyrics of popular hindi movie songs (of the golden era, which were great poetry) and for some sanskrit mailing lists (pre-web days). this is called ITRANS and has been influential in any and all further developments in this regard. 

now of course we have Unicode which does a great job of making the text searchable and portable, independent of old fonts that differed in their mappings and caused lot of migration issues, or visitors had to download a truck load of fonts, one per site. 

over the years, i had developed bhaarat, bhaarat2 fonts for devanAgarI and pranav and pranav2 for transliteration. the pictures below are from one of my books 'Hindu Prayer Book' in 2005 that explains the various finer points while reading/writing sanskrit in roman font. 

learning devanAgarI font is a bit tricky, and steep in the beginning, but since the script is perfectly mathematical - one sound, one letter - the learning initially pays off handsomely later. after all, indian kids pick it by early on, my daughter picked up even writing by the age of 4. 
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Sanskrit is the classical language of Indian and the liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It is also one of the 22 official languages of India. The name Sanskrit means "refined", "consecrated" and "sanctified". It has always been regarded as the 'high' language and used mainly for religious and scientific discourse.

Vedic Sanskrit, the pre-Classical form of the language and the liturgical language of the Vedic religion, is one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family. The oldest known text in Sanskrit, the Rigveda, a collection of over a thousand Hindu hymns, composed during the 2nd millenium BC.

Today Sanskrit is used mainly in Hindu religious rituals as a ceremonial language for hymns and mantras. Efforts are also being made to revive Sanskrit as an everyday spoken language in the village of Mattur near Shimoga in Karnataka. A modern form of Sanskrit is one of the 17 official home languages in India.

 

 

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English Sanskrit
संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam)
I अहम् (ahám)
you (singular) त्वम् (tvám)
he स (sá)
we वयम् (vayám)
you (plural) यूयम् (yūyám)
they ते (té)
this इदम् (idám)
that तत् (tát)
here अत्र (átra)
there तत्र (tátra)
who क (ká)
what किम् (kím)
where कुत्र (kútra)
when कदा (kadā́)
how कथम् (kathám)
not न (ná)
all सर्व (sárva)
many बहु (bahú)
some किञ्चिद् (kíñcid)
few अल्प (álpa)
other अन्य (anyá)
one एक (éka)
two द्वि (dví)
three त्रि (trí)
four चतुर् (cátur)
five पञ्ज (páñcan)
big महत् (mahát)
long दीर्घ (dīrghá)
wide उरु (urú)
thick घन (ghaná)
heavy गुरु (gurú)
small अल्प (álpa)
short ह्रस्व (hrasvá)
narrow अंहु (aṃhú)
thin तनु (tanú)
woman स्त्री (strī́)
man (adult male) पुरुष (púruṣa), नर (nára)
man (human being) मनुष्य (manuṣyá)
child बाल (bā́la), शिशु (śíśu)
wife भार्या॑ (bhāryā́)
husband पति (páti)
mother मातृ (mā́tṛ)
father पितृ (pitṛ́)
animal पशु (páśu)
fish मत्स्य (mátsya)
bird वि (ví)
dog श्वानः (śvánah)
louse यूका (yūkā)
snake सर्प (sarpá)
worm कृमि (kṛmi)
tree वृक्ष (vrkṣá)
forest वन (vána)
stick दण्ड (daṇḍá)
fruit फल (phála)
seed भीज (bī́ja)
leaf पत्त्र (páttra)
root मूल (mū́la)
bark (of a tree) त्वच् (tvác)
flower पुष्प (púṣpa)
grass तृण (tṛṇa)
rope रज्जु (rájju)
skin चर्मन् (cárman)
meat मांस (māṃsá)
blood असृज् (ásṛj)
bone अस्थि (ásthi)
fat (noun) पीवस् (pī́vas), मेदस् (médas)
egg अण्ड (aṇḍa)
horn शृङ्ग (ṡṛṅgá)
tail पुच्छ (púccha)
feather पर्ण (parṇá)
hair केश (kéśa)
head शिरस् (śíras)
ear कर्ण (kárṇa)
eye अक्षि (ákṣi)
nose नासिक (nā́sika)
mouth मुख (múkha)
tooth दत्/दन्त (dát/dánta)
tongue (organ) जिह्व/जिह्वा (jihvá/jihvā́)
fingernail नख (nakhá)
foot पद (padá)
leg जङ्घ (jáṅgha)
knee जानु (jā́nu)
hand हस्त (hásta), पाणि (pāṇí)
wing पक्ष (pakṣá)
belly उदर (udára)
guts गुद (gudá)
neck कण्ठ (kaṇṭhá)
back पृष्ठ (pṛṣṭhá)
breast स्तन (stána)
heart हृद् (hṛd), हृदय (hṛdaya)
liver यकृत् (yákṛt)
to drink पा – पिबति (pā – píbati)
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to eat अद् – अत्ति (ad – átti)
to bite दंश् – दंशति (daṃś – dáṃśati)
to suck धे – धयति (dhe – dháyati)
to spit ष्ठिव् – ष्ठिवति/ष्ठीव्यति (ṣṭiv – ṣṭívati/ṣṭhī́vyati)
to vomit वम् – वमति (vam – vámati)
to blow वा – वाति (vā – vā́ti)
to breathe अन् – अनिति (an- ániti)
to laugh स्मि – स्मयते (smi – smáyate), हस्- हसति (has – hásati)
to see पश्- पश्यति (paś – páśyati; only in the present system), दृश् (dṛś;
everywhere else)
to hear श्रु- शृणोति (śru – śṛṇóti)
to know ज्ञा- जानाति (jñā – jānā́ti)
to think मन्- मनुते (man – manuté), चिन्त् – चिन्तयति (cint – cintayati)
to smell घ्रा- जिघ्रति (ghrā – jíghrati)
to fear भी – बिभेति (bhī – bibhéti)
to sleep स्वप्- स्वपिति (svap – svápiti)
to live जीव्- जीवति (jīv – jī́vati)
to die मृ – म्रियते (mṛ – mriyáte)
to kill हन् – हन्ति (han – hánti)
to fight युध् – युध्यते (yudh – yúdhyate)
to hunt मृग् – मृगयते (mṛga – mṛgáyate)
to hit हन् – हन्ति (han – hánti), तड् – ताडयति (taḍ – tāḍáyati)
to cut कृत् – कृन्तति (kṛt – kṛntáti)
to split भिद्- भिनत्ति (bhid – bhinátti)
to stab व्यध्- विधति (vyadh – vídhyati)
to scratch लिख् – – लिखति (likh – likháti)
to dig खन् – खनति (khan – khánati)
to swim प्लु- प्लवते (plu – plávate)
to fly पत् – पतति (pat – pátati)
to walk इ – एति (i – éti), गम् – गच्छति (gam – gácchati)
to come आगम् – आगच्छति (āgam – ā́gacchati)
to lie (as in a bed) शी- शेते (śī – śéte)
to sit सद् – सीदति (sad – sī́dati)
to stand स्था – तिष्ठति (sthā – tíṣṭhati)
to turn (intransitive) वृत् – वर्तते (vṛt – vártate)
to fall पद् – पद्यते (pad – pádyate)
to give दा – ददाति (dā – dádāti)
to hold धृ – धरति (dhṛ – dhárati)
to squeeze मृद् – मृद्नाति (mṛd – mṛdnā́ti)
to rub घृष् – घर्षति (ghṛṣ – ghárṣati)
to wash क्षल् – क्षालयति (kṣal – kṣā́layati)
to wipe मृज् – मार्ष्टि (mṛj – mā́rṣṭi)
to pull कृष् – कर्षति (kṛṣ – kárṣati)
to push नुद् – नुदति (nud – nudáti)
to throw क्षिप् – क्षिपति (kṣip – kṣipáti)
to tie बन्ध् – बध्नाति (bandh – badhnā́ti)
to sew सिव् – सीव्यति (siv – sī́vyati)
to count गण् – गणयति (gaṇ – gáṇayati), कल् – कलते (kal – kálate)
to say वच् – वक्ति (vac – vákti)
to sing गै- गायति (gāi – gā́yati )
to play दिव् – दीव्यति (div – dī́vyati)
to float प्लु – प्लवते (plu – plávate)
to flow सृ – सरति (sṛ – sárati), क्षर् – क्षरति (kṣar -kṣárati)
to freeze श्यै – शीयते (śyāi – śī́yate)
to swell श्वि – श्वयति (śvi – śváyati)
sun सूर्य (sū́rya)
moon मास (mā́sa), चन्द्रमस् (candramas), चन्द्र (candra)
star नक्षत्र (nákshatra), स्तृ (stṛ)
water जल (jalá), वारि (vā́ri)
rain वर्ष (varṣá)
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river नदी (nadī́)
lake सरस् (sáras)
sea उदधि (udadhí)
salt लवण (lavaṇá)
stone अश्मन् (aśman)
sand पांसु (pāṃsú), शिकता (síkatā)
dust रेणु (reṇú)
earth क्षम् (kṣám), पृथिवी (pṛithivī́)
cloud नभस् (nábhas), मेघ (meghá)
fog मिह् (míh)
sky आकाश (ā́kā́śa)
wind वायु (vāyú), वात (vā́ta)
snow हिम (himá), तुषार (tuṣāra), तुहिन (tuhina)
ice हिम (himá)
smoke धूम (dhūmá)
fire अग्नि (agní)
ash आस (ā́sa)
to burn दहति (dahati)
road अध्वन् (ádhvan), मार्ग (mārga), रथ्या (rathyā)
mountain गिरि (girí), पर्वत (párvata)
red रक्त (rakta), रोहित (róhita)
green हरित् (harít)/हरित (harita), पालााश (pā́lāśa)/पलााश (palāśa)
yellow पीत (pīta)/पीतल (pītala)
white श्वेत (śvetá)
black कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá)
night रात्र (rātrá)
day द्यु (dyú), अहर् (áhar)
year वर्ष (varṣá), संवत्सर (saṃvatsara)/संवत् (saṃvat)
warm तप्त (taptá), घर्म (gharmá)
cold शीत (śītá)
full पूर्ण (pūrṇá)
new नव (náva), नूतन (nū́tana)
old जीर्ण (jīrṇá), वृद्ध (vr̥ddhá)
good वसु (vásu), भद्र (bhadrá)
bad पाप (pāpá)
rotten पूति (pū́ti)
dirty मलिन (malina), समल (samala)
straight ऋजु (r̥jú)
round वृत्त (vr̥ttá), वर्तुल (vartula)
sharp (as a knife) तीक्ष्ण (tīkṣṇá)
dull (as a knife) कुण्ठ (kuṇṭha)
smooth श्लक्ष्ण (ślakṣṇá), स्निग्ध (snigdhá)
wet आर्द्र (ārdrá), क्लिन्न (klinná)
dry शुष्क (śúṣka)
correct शुद्ध (śuddhá), सत्य (satyá)
near नेद (neda, adj.), प्रति (prati, prep.)
far दूर (dūrá)
right दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa)
 
 
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