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Solution-

(i) Wurtz Reaction: The Wurtz Coupling is one of the oldest organic reactions and produces the simple dimer derived from two equivalents of alkyl halide. The intramolecular version of the reaction has also found application in the preparation of strained ring compounds.

Reaction- $\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{X} + 2\mathrm{Na} + \mathrm{X}-\mathrm{R} \stackrel{\mathrm{Dry} \mathrm{Ether}}{\to } \mathrm{R}-\mathrm{R} + 2\mathrm{NaX}$

Mechanism-



(ii) Decarboxylation of the sodium salt of fatty acid: Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO₂). Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain.

Reaction- ${\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_5\mathrm{COONa} + \mathrm{Na}OH \underset{∆}{\overset{CaO}{\to }} {\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_6 + N{a}_{2}C{O}_3$

(iii) Friedal Craft Alkylation reaction:  Carbocations are electrophiles, and can therefore be useful reagents for forming new C-C bonds in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution processes. Friedal and Craft demonstrated that benzene would react with alkyl halides in the presence of a Lewis acid as a catalyst (e.g. anhydrous aluminum chloride, AlCl₃) to produce alkyl benzene. This reaction became known as Friedal-Crafts alkylation.

Reaction- Reaction of benzene with t-butyl chloride to give t-butyl benzene.
 

Mechanism-

1. Generation of electrophile : The t-butyl chloride reacts with the Lewis acid to generate the t-butyl carbocation.

 

 

 2. Attack of electrophile : The t-butyl carbocation acts as the electrophile.

 

 3. Abstraction of the proton: This is followed by the loss of a proton, giving t-butyl benzene as the product.