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what are pneumatophores?

Pneumatophores are modified roots. They are aerial roots which are meant for exchange of gases. The mangroves trees growing on marshes have such kind of roots as adaptive feature.

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A specialized root that grows upwards out of the water or mud to reach the air and obtain oxygen for the root systems of trees that live in swampy or tidal habitats. The "knees" of mangroves and the bald cypress are pneumatophores. Also called air root.

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