• What is Bermuda triangle ?
• How it was formed ?

TheBermuda Triangle, also known as theDevil's Triangle, is an undefined region in the western part of the NorthAtlantic Ocean, where a number ofaircraftandshipsare said to have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. The triangle does not exist according to theUS Navy, and the name is not recognized by theUS Board on Geographic Names.^[1]Popular culturehas attributed various disappearances to theparanormalor activity byextraterrestrial beings.^[2]Documented evidence indicates that a significant percentage of the incidents were spurious, inaccurately reported, or embellished by later authors.^[3][4][5]In a 2013 study theWorld Wide Fund for Natureidentified the worlds 10 most dangerous waters for shipping, but the Bermuda Triangle was not among them.^[6]Contrary to popular belief, insurance companies do not charge higher premiums for shipping in this area.^[3]The first written boundaries date from a 1964 issue of pulp magazineArgosy,^[7]where the triangle's threeverticesare inMiami, Florida peninsula; inSan Juan,Puerto Rico; and in the mid-Atlantic island ofBermuda.^[4]But subsequent writers did not follow this definition.^[4]Every writer gives different boundaries and vertices to the triangle, with the total area varying from 500,000 to 1.5 million square miles.^[4]Consequently, the determination of which accidents have occurred inside the triangle depends on which writer reports them.^[4]TheUnited States Board on Geographic Namesdoes not recognize this name, and it is not delimited in any map drawn by US government agencies.^[4]

The area is one of the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the world, with ships crossing through it daily for ports in the Americas,Europe, and the Caribbean Islands. Cruise ships are also plentiful, and pleasure craft regularly go back and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a heavily flown route for commercial and private aircraft heading towards Florida, the Caribbean, andSouth Americafrom points north.

HistoryOrigins

The earliest allegation of unusual disappearances in the Bermuda area appeared in a September 16, 1950Associated Pressarticle by Edward Van Winkle Jones.^[8]Two years later,Fatemagazine published "Sea Mystery at Our Back Door",^[9]a short article by George X. Sand covering the loss of several planes and ships, including the loss ofFlight 19, a group of fiveU.S. NavyTBM Avengerbombers on a training mission. Sand's article was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses took place. Flight 19 alone would be covered again in the April 1962 issue ofAmerican Legionmagazine.^[10]In it, authorAllan W. Eckertwrote that the flight leader had been heard saying, "We are entering white water, nothing seems right. We don't know where we are, the water is green, no white." He also wrote that officials at the Navy board of inquiry stated that the planes "flew off to Mars."^{[dubiousdiscuss]}Sand's article was the first to suggest a supernatural element to the Flight 19 incident. In the February 1964 issue ofArgosy,Vincent Gaddis' article "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle" argued that Flight 19 and other disappearances were part of a pattern of strange events in the region.^[7]The next year, Gaddis expanded this article into a book,Invisible Horizons.^[11]

Others would follow with their own works, elaborating on Gaddis' ideas: John Wallace Spencer (Limbo of the Lost, 1969, repr. 1973);^[12]Charles Berlitz(The Bermuda Triangle, 1974);^[13]Richard Winer(The Devil's Triangle, 1974),^[14]and many others, all keeping to some of the same supernatural elements outlined by Eckert.^[15]

Larry Kusche

Lawrence David Kusche, a research librarian fromArizona State Universityand author ofThe Bermuda Triangle Mystery: Solved(1975)^[16]argued that many claims of Gaddis and subsequent writers were often exaggerated, dubious or unverifiable. Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies between Berlitz's accounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others involved in the initial incidents. Kusche noted cases where pertinent information went unreported, such as the disappearance of round-the-world yachtsmanDonald Crowhurst, which Berlitz had presented as a mystery, despite clear evidence to the contrary. Another example was the ore-carrier recounted by Berlitz as lost without trace three days out of anAtlanticport when it had been lost three days out of a port with the same name in thePacificOcean. Kusche also argued that a large percentage of the incidents that sparked allegations of the Triangle's mysterious influence actually occurred well outside it. Often his research was simple: he would review period newspapers of the dates of reported incidents and find reports on possibly relevant events like unusual weather, that were never mentioned in the disappearance stories.

Kusche concluded that:

• The number of ships and aircraft reported missing in the area was not significantly greater, proportionally speaking, than in any other part of the ocean.
• In an area frequented bytropical storms, the number of disappearances that did occur were, for the most part, neither disproportionate, unlikely, nor mysterious;
• Furthermore, Berlitz and other writers would often fail to mention such storms or even represent the disappearance as having happened in calm conditions when meteorological records clearly contradict this.
• The numbers themselves had been exaggerated by sloppy research. A boat's disappearance, for example, would be reported, but its eventual (if belated) return to port may not have been.
• Some disappearances had, in fact, never happened. One plane crash was said to have taken place in 1937 offDaytona Beach, Florida, in front of hundreds of witnesses; a check of the local papers revealed nothing.
• The legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured mystery, perpetuated by writers who either purposely or unknowingly made use of misconceptions, faulty reasoning, and sensationalism.^[16]

Further responses

When the UK Channel 4 television programThe Bermuda Triangle(1992)^[17]was being produced by John Simmons of Geofilms for theEquinoxseries, the marine insurance marketLloyd's of Londonwas asked if an unusually large number of ships had sunk in the Bermuda Triangle area. Lloyd's determined that large numbers of ships had not sunk there.^[18]Lloyd's does not charge higher rates for passing through this area.^[3]United States Coast Guardrecords confirm their conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances is relatively insignificant considering the number of ships and aircraft that pass through on a regular basis.^[16]

The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish, through their inquiries, much documentation contradicting many of the incidents written about by the Triangle authors. In one such incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking of the tankerSSV. A. Fogg, the Coast Guard photographed the wreck and recovered several bodies,^[19]in contrast with one Triangle author's claim that all the bodies had vanished, with the exception of the captain, who was found sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching a coffee cup.^[12]In addition,V. A. Foggsank off the coast of Texas, nowhere near the commonly accepted boundaries of the Triangle.

TheNOVA/HorizonepisodeThe Case of the Bermuda Triangle, aired on June 27, 1976, was highly critical, stating that "When we've gone back to the original sources or the people involved, the mystery evaporates. Science does not have to answer questions about the Triangle because those questions are not valid in the first place... Ships and planes behave in the Triangle the same way they behave everywhere else in the world."^[20]

David Kusche pointed out a common problem with many of the Bermuda Triangle stories and theories: "Say I claim that a parrot has been kidnapped to teach aliens human language and I challenge you to prove that isnottrue. You can even use Einstein's Theory of Relativity if you like. There is simply no way to prove such a claim untrue. The burden of proof should be on the people who make these statements, to show where they got their information from, to see if their conclusions and interpretations are valid, and if they have left anything out."^[20]Skeptical researchers, such as Ernest Taves^[21]and Barry Singer,^[22]have noted how mysteries and the paranormal are very popular and profitable. This has led to the production of vast amounts of material on topics such as the Bermuda Triangle. They were able to show that some of the pro-paranormal material is often misleading or inaccurate, but its producers continue to market it. Accordingly, they have claimed that the market is biased in favor of books, TV specials, and other media that support the Triangle mystery, and against well-researched material if it espouses a skeptical viewpoint. Finally, if the Triangle is assumed to cross land, such as parts of Puerto Rico, theBahamas, or Bermuda itself, there is no evidence for the disappearance of any land-based vehicles or persons.^{[citation needed]}The city ofFreeport, located inside the Triangle, operates a major shipyard and an airport that handles 50,000 flights annually and is visited by over a million tourists a year.^[23]

Supernatural explanations

Triangle writers have used a number of supernatural concepts to explain the events. One explanation pins the blame on leftover technology from the mythical lost continent ofAtlantis. Sometimes connected to the Atlantis story is the submerged rock formation known as theBimini Roadoff the island ofBiminiin the Bahamas, which is in the Triangle by some definitions. Followers of the purported psychicEdgar Caycetake his prediction that evidence of Atlantis would be found in 1968 as referring to the discovery of the Bimini Road. Believers describe the formation as a road, wall, or other structure, though geologists consider it to be of natural origin.^[24]

Other writers attribute the events toUFOs.^[25]This idea was used bySteven Spielbergfor hisscience fiction filmClose Encounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost Flight 19 aircrews asalien abductees.

Charles Berlitz, author of various books on anomalous phenomena, lists several theories attributing the losses in the Triangle to anomalous or unexplained forces.^[13]

Natural explanationsCompass variations

Compassproblems are one of the cited phrases in many Triangle incidents. While some have theorized that unusual local magnetic anomalies may exist in the area,^[26]such anomalies have not been found. Compasses have naturalmagnetic variationsin relation to themagnetic poles, a fact which navigators have known for centuries.Magnetic (compass) northandgeographic (true) northare only exactly the same for a small number of places for example, as of 2000 in the United States only those places on a line running fromWisconsinto theGulf of Mexico.^[27]But the public may not be as informed, and think there is something mysterious about a compass "changing" across an area as large as the Triangle, which it naturally will.^[16]

False-color image of the Gulf Stream flowing north through the western Atlantic Ocean. (NASA)Gulf Stream

TheGulf Streamis a deep ocean current that originates in theGulf of Mexicoand then flows through theStraits of Floridainto the North Atlantic. In essence, it is a river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry floating objects. It has a surface velocity of up to about 2.5 metres per second (5.6mi/h).^[28]A small plane making awater landingor a boat having engine trouble can be carried away from its reported position by the current.

Human error

One of the most cited explanations in official inquiries as to the loss of any aircraft or vessel is human error.^[29]Human stubbornness may have caused businessman Harvey Conover to lose his sailing yacht, theRevonoc, as he sailed into the teeth of a storm south of Florida on January 1, 1958.^[30]

Violent weather

Hurricanesare powerful storms, which form in tropical waters and have historically cost thousands of lives lost and caused billions of dollars in damage. The sinking ofFrancisco de Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502 was the first recorded instance of a destructive hurricane. These storms have in the past caused a number of incidents related to the Triangle.

A powerfuldowndraft of cold airwas suspected to be a cause in the sinking of thePride of Baltimoreon May 14, 1986. The crew of the sunken vessel noted the wind suddenly shifted and increased velocity from 20mph to 6090mph. A National Hurricane Center satellite specialist, James Lushine, stated "during very unstable weather conditions the downburst of cold air from aloft can hit the surface like a bomb, exploding outward like a giant squall line of wind and water."^[31]A similar event occurred to theConcordiain 2010 off the coast of Brazil.

Methane hydratesMain article:Methane clathrateWorldwide distribution of confirmed or inferred offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996.Source:USGS

An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on the presence of large fields ofmethanehydrates (a form of natural gas) on thecontinental shelves.^[32]Laboratory experiments carried out in Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model ship by decreasing the density of the water;^[33][34][35]any wreckage consequently rising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by theGulf Stream. It has been hypothesized that periodic methaneeruptions(sometimes called "mud volcanoes") may produce regions of frothy water that are no longer capable of providing adequatebuoyancyfor ships. If this were the case, such an area forming around a ship could cause it to sink very rapidly and without warning.

Publications by theUSGSdescribe large stores of undersea hydrates worldwide, including theBlake Ridgearea, off the southeasternUnited Statescoast.^[36]However, according to the USGS, no large releases of gas hydrates are believed to have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years.^[18]

Notable incidentsMain article:List of Bermuda Triangle incidentsEllen Austin

TheEllen Austinsupposedly came across a derelict ship, placed on board aprize crew, and attempted to sail with it to New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict disappeared; others elaborating further that the derelict reappeared minus the prize crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board. A check fromLloyd's of Londonrecords proved the existence of theMeta, built in 1854 and that in 1880 theMetawas renamedEllen Austin. There are no casualty listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that would suggest a large number of missing men were placed on board a derelict that later disappeared.^[37]

SchoonerCarroll A. Deering, as seen from theCape Lookoutlightvesselon January 29, 1921, two days before she was found deserted inNorth Carolina. (US Coast Guard)USSCyclopsMain article:USS Cyclops (AC-4)

The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of the US Navy not related to combat occurred when the collier USSCyclops, carrying a full load of manganese ore and with one engine out of action, went missing without a trace with a crew of 309 sometime after March 4, 1918, after departing the island ofBarbados. Although there is no strong evidence for any single theory, many independent theories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and some suggesting thatwartime enemy activitywas to blame for the loss.^[38][39]In addition, two ofCyclops's sister ships,ProteusandNereuswere subsequently lost in the North Atlantic duringWorld War II. Both ships were transporting heavy loads of metallic ore similar to that which was loaded onCyclopsduring her fatal voyage. In all three cases structural failure due to overloading with a much denser cargo than designed is considered the most likely cause of sinking.

Carroll A. DeeringMain article:Carroll A. Deering

A five-masted schooner built in 1919, theCarroll A. Deeringwas found hard aground and abandoned at Diamond Shoals, nearCape Hatteras,North Carolinaon January 31, 1921. Rumors and more at the time indicated theDeeringwas a victim of piracy, possibly connected with the illegal rum-running trade duringProhibition, and possibly involving another ship,SSHewitt, which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknown steamer sailed near the lightship along the track of theDeering, and ignored all signals from the lightship. It is speculated thatHewittmay have been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in theDeeringcrew's disappearance.^[40]

Flight 19Main article:Flight 19US Navy Avengers, similar to those of Flight 19.

Flight 19 was a training flight of fiveTBM Avengertorpedo bombers that disappeared on December 5, 1945, while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flight plan was scheduled to take them due east fromFort Lauderdalefor 141 miles, north for 73 miles, and then back over a final 140-mile leg to complete the exercise. The flight never returned to base. The disappearance is attributed by Navy investigators to navigational error leading to the aircraft running out of fuel.

One of the search and rescue aircraft deployed to look for them, aPBM Marinerwith a 13-man crew, also disappeared. A tanker off the coast of Florida reported seeing an explosion^[41]and observing a widespread oil slick when fruitlessly searching for survivors. The weather was becoming stormy by the end of the incident.^[42]According to contemporaneous sources the Mariner had a history of explosions due to vapour leaks when heavily loaded with fuel, as for a potentially long search and rescue operation.

Star TigerandStar ArielMain articles:BSAA Star Tiger disappearanceandBSAA Star Ariel disappearance

G-AHNPStar Tigerdisappeared on January 30, 1948 on a flight from the Azores to Bermuda;G-AGREStar Arieldisappeared on January 17, 1949, on a flight from Bermuda toKingston, Jamaica. Both wereAvroTudor IVpassenger aircraft operated byBritish South American Airways.^[43]Both planes were operating at the very limits of their range and the slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching the small island. One plane was not heard from long before it would have entered the Triangle.^[16]

Douglas DC-3Main article:1948 Airborne Transport DC-3 (DST) disappearance

On December 28, 1948, aDouglas DC-3aircraft, numberNC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people on board was ever found. From the documentation compiled by the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation, a possible key to the plane's disappearance was found, but barely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the plane's batteries were inspected and found to be low on charge, but ordered back into the plane without a recharge by the pilot while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to complete electrical failure will never be known. However, since piston-engined aircraft rely uponmagnetosto provide spark to their cylinders rather than a battery poweredignition coilsystem, this theory is not strongly convincing.^[44]

KC-135 Stratotankers

On August 28, 1963, a pair ofUS Air ForceKC-135 Stratotankeraircraft collided and crashed into the Atlantic. The Triangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis^[7][13][14]) of this story specifies that they did collide and crash, but there were two distinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260km) of water. However, Kusche's research^[16]showed that the unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that the debris field defining the second "crash site" was examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass ofseaweedanddriftwoodtangled in an oldbuoy.

Connemara IV

A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is usually stated in the stories (Berlitz, Winer^[13][14]) that the crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes. The1955 Atlantic hurricane seasonshowsHurricane Ionepassing nearby between the 14th and 18th of that month, with Bermuda being affected by winds of almost gale force.^[16]In his second book on the Bermuda Triangle, Winer quoted from a letter he had received from Mr J.E. Challenor of Barbados:

On the morning of September 22Connemara IVwas lying to a heavy mooring in the openroadsteadofCarlisle Bay. Because of the approaching hurricane, the owner strengthened the mooring ropes and put out two additional anchors. There was little else he could do, as the exposed mooring was the only available anchorage....In Carlisle Bay, the sea in the wake ofHurricane Janetwas awe-inspiring and dangerous. The owner ofConnemara IVobserved that she had disappeared. An investigation revealed that she had dragged her moorings and gone to sea.

^[45]