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why does a synapse act as a one way valve and transmits impulses in one direction only?

Synapses act like one way valves because the chemical substance (neurotransmitter) is present only on one side of the gap. Due to this, the nerve impulses through a particular set of neurons can go across only from one side i.e the side containing the chemical substance.

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A synapse between an axon and a muscle fibre is called neuromuscular junction. A synapse between an axon and a glandular cell is termed neuroglandular junction. Structure of these junctions and the transmission of nerve impulse across them are similar to those of neuron-neuron synapse. 
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