Consider a ball of mass m colliding elastically with a stationary object of larger mass M. Draw the picture before and after the collision. The conservation equations are:
[1]
mv1 = mv2 + MV2
[2]
(1/2)mv12 = (1/2)mv22 + (1/2)MV2
where v1 is the initial velocity of the smaller ball, v2 is its final velocity after collision, and V2 is the velocity of the larger mass after the collision.
Multiply the energy equation by 2 to eliminate the (1/2) factors.
[3]
mv12 = mv22 + MV2
Divide this by m on both sides.
[4]
v12 = v22 + (M/m)V22
Rearrange.
[5]
v12 - v22 = (M/m)V22
Divide the momentum equation by m on both sides.
[6]
v1 = v2 + (M/m)V2
Rearrange and square both sides.
[7]
(v1 - v2)2 = (M/m)2V22
Multiply Eq. [5] by (M/m) and combine with [7] to eliminate V22.
[8]
(M/m)(v12 - v22) = (v1 - v2)2
Multiply both sides by (m/M)
[9]
(v12 - v22) = (m/M)(v1 - v2)2
Take the limit as (m/M) goes to zero.
[10]
(v12 - v22) = 0
So one solution of this is v1 = -v2. Another solution is v1 = v2, corresponding to the case where the two objects do not collide at all. therefore v1=v2 will be rejected.